GRE孙远的工具箱教育类.docx
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GRE孙远的工具箱教育类.docx
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GRE孙远的工具箱教育类
No.1孙远的工具箱(教育类)
前两天看见有同志说新书里没有写作工具箱的,恰好有一本原来的版本,恰好本人在假期里练打字,就把孙老师工具箱里的黑体字笔记了一下,想用的就拿去吧,先贴一部分,要是大家都有了就不再贴了。
黑体字部分都有,还摘抄了一部分有用的句子。
Issue
教育类
1.Proverbs
Theprimaryofaliberaleducationistomakeone’smindapleasantplaceinwhichtospendone’stime.
Nextinimportanceistofreedomandjusticeispopulareducation,withoutwhichneitherfreedomnorjusticecanbepermanentlymaintained.
Education’spurposeistoreplaceanemptymindwithanopenone.
Itisthepurposeofeducationtohelpusbecomeautonomous,creative,inquiringpeoplewhohavethewillandtheintelligencetocreateourowndestiny.
Themostimportantfunctionofeducationatanylevelistodevelopthepersonalityoftheindividualandthesignificanceofhislifetohimselfandtoothers.Thisisthebasicarchitectureofalife;therestistoornamentationanddecorationofthestructure.
Theessenceofoureffortistoseethateverychildhasachancemustbetoassureeachanopportunity,nottobecomeequal,butbecometodifferent-torealizewhateveruniquepotentialofabody,andspiritheorshepossesses.
Ifyoucanreadanddon’t,youareanilliteratebychoice.
教育的目的
Throughoutthenationandhistory,ithasemphasizedpubliceducationasameansoftransmittingdemocraticvalues,creatingequalityofopportunityandpreparingnewgenerationsofcitizensinsociety.
Theschool’sjobistoenhancethenaturaldevelopmentofthegrowingchild,ratherthantopourinformation.
Lifeskills---logicalthinking,analysis,creativeproblemsolving.
Theactualcontentoflessonsissecondarytotheprogress,whichissupposedtotrainthechildtobeabletohandlewhateverlifemaypresentincludingalltheunknownsofthefuture.Studentsandteachersbothregardpurememorizationasuncreativeandvulgar.
Schoolchildrenhaveagreatdealoffreetime,whichtheyareencouragedtofillwithextracurricularactivities,thatsupposedtoinculcatesuchqualitiesasleadership,sportsmanship,abilitytoorganize,etc.
Educationshouldaimatimprovementofbothone’smoralsandfaculties.
Madisononcewrotethat,thecompeting,balancinginterestsofadiversepeoplecanhelpensurethesurvivalofliberty.ButtherearevaluesthatallAmericancitizenssharethatweshouldwantallstudentstoknowandtomaketheirown:
honesty,fairness,self-discipline,fidelitytotask,friends,andfamily,personalresponsibility,loveofacountry,andbeliefintheprinciplesofliberty,equality,andthefreedomtopracticeone’sfaith.
Honesty:
AbeLincolnwalkingthreemilestoreturnsixcents
Courage:
Aesop’sshepherdboywhocriedwolf
Persistence:
civilwar
Respectthelaw:
Socrates---ImustsubmittothedecreeofAthens
Asanyparentknows,teachingcharacterisadifficulttask.Butitisacrucialtask,becausewewantourchildrentobenotonlyhealthy,happy,andsuccessful,butdecentstrongandgood.Noneofthesehappensautomatically;thereisnogenetictransmissionofvirtue..Ittakescarefulattention.
Iseefourkindsofpressureworkingoncollegestudentstoday:
economicpressure,parentalpressure,peerpressure,andself-inducedpressure.
Theintellectualfacultiesdevelopedbystudyingsubjectslikehistoryandclassics–anabilitytosynthesizeandrelate,toweighcauseandeffect,toseeeventsinperspective—arejustthefacultiesthatmakecreativeleadersinbusinessoralmostanygeneralfield.
Ultimatelyitwillbethestudents’ownbusinesstobreakthecirclesinwhichtheyaretrapped.Theyaretooyoungtobetheprisonersoftheirparents’dreamsandtheclassmates’fears.Theymustbejoltintobelievinginthemselvesasuniquemenandwomenwhohavethepowertoshapetheirownfuture.
Collegeshouldbeopen-ended:
attheenditshouldopenmany,manyroads.
Thereisnoone“rightway”togetahead—thateachofthemisadifferentperson,startingfromadifferentpoint,andboundforadifferentdestination.
成功和失败
Mostpeopleconsidersuccessandfailureasopposite,buttheyareactuallybothproductsofthesameprocess.Asabaseballplayersuggests,anactivitywhichproduceahitmayalsoproduceamiss.Itisthesamewithcreativethinking;thesameenergywhichgeneratesgoodcreativeideasalsoproduceserrors.
Ifyoulearnthatfailingevenalittlepenalizesyou,youlearnnottomalemistakes.Andmoreimportant,youlearnnottoputyourselfinsituationswhereyoumightfall.Thisleadsyoutoconservativethoughtpatternsdesignedtoavoidthestigmaoursocietyputson“failure”.
Mostofushavelearnednottomakemistakesinpublic.Asaresult,weremoveourselvesfrommanylearningexperienceforthoseoccurringinthemostprivateofcircumstances.
Fromthepracticalpointofview,“toerroriswrong”makessense.Oursurvivalintheeverydayworldrequiresustoperformthousandsofsmalltaskswithoutfailure.Thinkaboutit:
youwouldn’tlastlongifyouweretostepoutinfrontoftrafficorstickyourhandintoapotofboilingwater.Inaddition,engineerswhosebridgescollapse,stockbrokerswholosemoneyfortheirclients,andcopywriterswhoseadcampaignsdecreasesaleswon’tkeeptheirjobsverylong.
Nevertheless,toogreatanadherencetothebelief“toerriswrong”cangreatlyundermineyourattemptstogeneratenewideas.Ifyouaremoreconcernedwithproducingrightanswersthangeneratingoriginalideas,youwillprobablymakeuncriticaluseoftherules,formulae,andproceduresusedtoobtainthesesrightanswers.Bydoingthis,you’llby-passthegerminalphaseofthecreativeprocess,andthusspendlittletimetestingassumptions,challengingtherules,askingwhat-ifquestions,orjustplayingaroundwiththeproblem.Allofthesetechniqueswillproducesomeincorrectanswers,butinthegerminalphase,theseerrorsareviewedasnecessaryby-productofcreativethinking.Astheplayerwouldputit,“Ifyouwantthehits,bepreparedforthemisses.”Thatisthewaythegameoflifegoes.
Asamatteroffact,thewholehistoryofdiscoveryisfilledwithpeoplewhousederroneousassumptionsandfailedideasassteppingatonestonewideas.ColumbusthoughthewasfindingashorterroutetoIndia.JohannesKeplerstumbledontotheideaofinterplanetarygravitybecauseofassumptionswhichwererightforthewrongreasons.And,ThomasEdisonknew1800waysnottobuildalightbulb.
Errorsserveanotherusefulpurpose:
theytelluswhentochangedirections.Negativefeedbackmeansthatthecurrentapproachisnotworking,anditisuptoyoutofigureoutanewone.Welearnbytrailanderror,notbytrialandrightness.Ifwedothingscorrectlyeverytime,weshouldneverhavetochangedirections—we’djustcontinuethecurrentcourseandendupwithmorethesame.
Yourerrorrateinanyactivityisafunctionofyourfamiliaritywiththeactivity.Ifyouaredoingthingsthatareroutineandhaveahighlikelihoodofcorrectness,thenyouwillprobablymakingveryfewerrors.Butifyouaredoingthingsthathavenoprecedenceinyourexperienceoraretryingdifferentapproaches,thenyouwillbemakingyourshareofmistakes.Innovatorsmaynotbatathousand—farfromit—buttheydogetnewideas.
ThomasJ.Watson,thefounderofIBM,hassimilarwords:
“thewaytosucceedistodoubleyourfailurerate.
Errors,attheveryleast,areasignthatwearedivergingfromthemainroadtoandtryingdifferentapproaches.
Thereareplaceswhereerrorsareinappropriate,butthegerminalphaseofthecreativeprocessisn’toneofthem.Errorsareasignthatyouaredivergingfromthewell-traveledpath.Ifyouarenotfailingeverynowandthen,it’sasignyouarenotbeingveryinnovative.
Ifyoumakeanerror,useitasasteppingatonetoanewideayoumightnothaveotherwisediscovered.
Differentiatebetweenerrorsof“commission”andthoseof“omission”.Thelattercanbemorecostlythantheformer.Ifyou‘renotmakinganyerrors,youmightaskyourself,“HowmanyopportunitiesamImissingbynotbeingmoreaggressive?
”
Strengthenyour“riskmuscle”.Everyonehasone,butyouhavetoexerciseitorelseitwillatrophy.Makeitapointtotakeatleastoneriskevery24hours.’
Rememberthesetwobenefitsoffailure.First,ifyoudofail,youlearnwhatdoesnotwork;andsecond,thefailuregivesyouanopportunitytotryanewapproach.
教育类
Liberalartteachesyouhowtothink,howtoread,write,andspeakintelligently,getalongwithothers,andconceptualizeproblems.
Growingranksofcorporateexecutivesarelamentingthatcollegestudentsarespecializingtoomuchandtooearly.WhatcorporateAmericareallyneedsisstudentssoundlygroundedintheliberalarts—English,especially---whothencanpickupmorespecificbusinessortechnicalskillsonthejob.Today’sbestsellingcoursesofferevidencethatstudentswanttotakecoursesthatprovidedirectjobrelatedskillsratherthanthemostbasicsurvivalskillsintheworkplace:
communicationsandthinkingskills.
Educationforeducation’ssakeisnoblebutimpracticaltotoday’scollegestudentwhoisfacingacompetitiveandrapidlychangingjobmarket.
Adaptabilityandlifelonglearningarethecornerstonesofsuccessintoday’scomplexandrapidlychangingsociety.Nolongercanthepersonwhoissteepedinoneacademicdiscipline,butknowsnothingaboutanythingelse,meettoday’sdemands.
Thetimehascometorethinkwhateducationreallyisandhowitrelatestothefunctionsofsociety.Perhapswhataliberaleducationdoestoanindividual,whichismoreimportantthananythingelse,istopreparehimformorelearning.Theliberalartsbackgroundequipsonewiththinkingskills,coupledwiththedesiretolearn,arethebestpreparationforcareerandlifethatanyofuscanpossess.
Fir
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