英国文学1.docx
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英国文学1.docx
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英国文学1
GeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400)
杰佛利·乔叟
I.LifeandmainworksofChaucer
ThoughChaucerwasbornovertwohundredyearsearlier,weknowagooddealmoreforcertainabouthislifethanwedoofShakespeare’s.BecauseChaucerwasapublicmanaswellasapoet:
aneminentservant(官吏),diplomat,administrator,JusticeofthePeace(治安官员),andMemberofParliament.Hewastherepresentativewriterofthecentury.Therefore,the14thcenturyisusuallycalled“TheAgeofChaucer”.TodayChaucerisacclaimednotonlyas“thefatherofEnglishpoetry”(JohnDryden)butalsoas“thefatherofEnglishfiction”.
HistwovisitstoItalymusthavebeencrucial,herehebecameacquaintedwiththenewlearning,withtheworksofPetrarch(彼特拉克,1304-1374,意大利诗人、学者、欧洲人文主义运动的主要代表),GiovanniBoccaccio(乔万尼·卜伽丘,1313-1375,文艺复兴时期意大利,《十日谈》Decameron).HewasinfluencedbyDante(但丁,1265-1321意大利诗人,《神曲》DivineComedy),Petrarch,andBoccaccio.ItispossiblethatBoccaccio’sthecollectionofstoriesinDecamerongaveChaucertheideaforTheCanterburyTales.Afterhisdeath,hewasburiedinWestminsterAbbey(英国名人墓地),“Poet’sCorner”.
1348年,意大利的佛罗伦萨发生了一场可怕的瘟疫。
每天,都有大批大批的尸体运到城外。
从3月到7月,病死的人达10万以上,昔日美丽繁华的佛罗伦萨城变成了坟场。
这件事给当时意大利作家薄伽丘以深刻影响。
为了记下人类这场灾难,他以这场瘟疫为背景,写下短篇小说集《十日谈》。
原来,在佛罗伦萨闹瘟疫期间的一个清晨,7个美丽年轻而富有教养的小姐,在教堂遇到了3个英俊而富有热烈激情的青年男子。
7位小姐中的3人是他们的情人,别的几位和他们还有亲戚关系。
他们决心带着仆人,离开佛罗伦萨这座可怕城市。
他们相约,两天后到郊外的一座小山上的别墅里去躲避瘟疫。
这10位年轻人每天不是唱歌弹琴,就是跳舞散步。
大家商定每人每天讲一个优秀动听的故事,以此来愉快地度过一天中最难熬的时光,他们一共讲了10天,10天合计讲了100个故事,这些故事收集成集子就叫《十日谈》。
Chaucer’swholelifecanbedividedintothreeperiods.Thefirstperiod,aboutthirtyyears,includinghisyouthandearlymanhood,istheperiodofFrenchinfluence.Chaucer’smainworksinthisperiodweretranslationsfromFrench.TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰传奇》,themostpopularlonglovepoemoftheMiddleAges,wastranslatedfromFrenchintoEnglishbyChaucer.Thesecondperiod,aboutfifteenyears,coversChaucer’sactivelifeasdiplomatandmanofaffairs(知识渊博的人).
Inthisperiod,ItalianinfluenceseemedstrongerthantheFrench.ChaucerproducedworksadaptedfromItalianwriters.HischiefworksofthisperiodwereTroilusandCriseyde《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》andTheHouseofFame《声誉之堂》.Thethirdperiod,includinghislastfifteenyears,isgenerallyknownastheEnglishPeriod.ItistheperiodofChaucer’srichestdevelopment.Hismasterpiece,TheCanterburyTales,isoneofthemostfamousworksinallliteratures.
II.TheCanterburyTales
Inthisgreatwork,theauthorgiveshisreaderapictureofEnglishsocietyintheMiddleAges.Thewholeworkconsistsofaprologueandtwenty-fourtales.Intheprologue,theauthorrevealshisplanforwritingthiswork,andalsovividly
describesthetellerofeachtale.
Chaucertellsusthatonespringday,hecomesintotheTabardInninSouthwarkatthesouthendofLondonBridge.Herehemeetstwentyninepilgrims,whoaregoingtoCanterbury(坎特伯雷,英国东南部城市,在肯特郡.该城曾为肯特国王都城。
1170年12月29日,该城主教托马斯·阿·柏刻特因与国王亨利二世发生冲突被刺身亡,引起公愤。
1173年,柏刻特被尊为殉唯圣徒,其遗骨葬于坎特伯雷教堂,自那以后到乔叟时的200余年中,每年有络绎不绝的信徒前往朝拜。
它成了著名的圣地。
).
IntheGeneralPrologue,thepoettellshow,onedayinApril,hecomestotheTabardInninthesouthernsuburbofLondon.Bynightfalltheyarriveattheinn,twentyninepilgrimsareallreadytogotoSt.ThomasàBecket’stombatCanterbury,andthepoetjoinsthecompanyandconverseswithallofthem.AttheproposalofHarryBailey,thehostoftheinn,allthepilgrimsagreethattheymakejourneytoandfromCanterburymoreinterestingbytellingstoriestooneanotherontheway.Eachofthemistotelltwostoriesontheoutwardtripandtwomoreonthewayback.Whoevertellsthebesttaleistobegivenafreesupper,atthecostofalltherest,upontheirreturntotheTabardInn.Thehostofferstogowiththemastheirguideandjudge.
Accordingtothisarrangement,thereshouldbealtogetherahundredandtwentystoriesinthecollection,butactuallyonlytwenty-fourtalesarepreserved,amongwhichtwoareleftincomplete,beinginterruptedatitwereinthecourseofnarration,whiletwoothersobviouslyremainunfinished.
Theprologueincludesagroupofvividsketches(素描)oftypicalmedievalfigures.AllclassesoftheEnglishfeudalsociety,expecttheroyaltyandthepoorestpeasant,arerepresentedbythesethirtypilgrims.Theyrangefromtheknightandsquire(律师、治安官),andprioress(女修道院院长),throughthelandedproprietorandwealthytradesman,downtothedrunkencookandhumbleplowman.Therearealsoadoctorandalawyer,monksofdifferentordersandnunsandpriests,andasummoner(法院传票传达员),asailor,amiller,acarpenter,ayeoman(自耕农),andanOxfordscholar.InthecenterofthegroupistheWifeofBath(巴斯妇),theownerofalargecloth-factory.
Everyfigureisdrawnwiththeaccuracyofaportrait.TheportraitsofthethirtypilgrimssupplyaminiatureoftheEnglishsocietyinChaucer’stime.Lookingatthepicturegallery,weknowatoncehowpeoplelivedinthatera.ThatiswhyChaucerwaspraisedbyGorky(高尔基)as“thefounderofEnglishrealism”.
III.SocialSignificanceofTheCanterburyTales
InTheCanterburyTales,Chaucergivesusatrue-to-lifepictureofthesocietyofhistime.Takingthestandoftherisingbourgeoisie,heaffirmsmenandopposesthedogma(教条)ofasceticism(禁欲主义)preachedbytheChurch.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisesman’senergy,intellect,quickwit(机智)andloveoflife.Histalesexposeandsatirize(讽刺性描写)theevilsofhistime.Theyattackthedegenerationofthenoble,the
heartlessnessofthejudge,thecorruptionoftheChurchandsoon.
Livinginatransitionalperiod,Chaucerisnotentirelydevoid(缺乏的)medievalprejudices.Heisreligioushimself.Thereisnothingrevolutionaryinhiswriting,thoughhelivedinaperiodofpeasantuprising.Whilepraisingman’srighttoearthlyhappiness,hesometimeslikestocrackaroughjokeandpaintnaturalisticpicturesofsexuallife.
IV.FeaturesofChaucer’sWriting
Chaucerwroteinvividandexactlanguage.Hispoetryisfullofvigorandswiftness.Chaucer’scontributiontoEnglishpoetryisthatheintroducedfromFrancetherhymedcoupletofiambic(抑扬格)pentameter(五音步诗行)(whichwaslatercalledthe“heroiccouplet”英雄双韵体)toEnglishpoetry,insteadoftheoldAnglo-Saxonalliterativeverse(头韵诗).ChauceristhefirstgreatpoetwhowroteinthecurrentEnglishlanguage.
HewrotehispoetrybyusingtheEastMidlanddialectofEngland,thedialectofLondon.SohedidmuchinmakingthedialectofLondon,thefoundationformodernEnglishspeechandestablishingEnglishastheliterarylanguageofthecountry.Chaucerdisplayedgeniusforvividcharacterization,bland(柔和的)irony,oblique(坦率的)humor,andmixofpracticality(实用性)andimagination,rhetoric(华丽的言语)andrealism.
Chaucer’sstyleinTheCanterburyTalesisremarkablyflexible.Hisprose,likehisvocabulary,iseasyandinformal.Chaucerisagreatsatirist,butheisalmostneverbitterwhenhepokesfunatthefoiblesandweaknessofpeople.
V.Let’sreadtheselectionofTheCanterburyTales(看课本2-5页)
ThePrologue
WheninAprilthesweetshowersfall
Andpierce(penetrate)thedroughtofMarchtotheroot,andall
Theveins(叶脉)arebathedinliquor(喻指甘霖)ofsuchpower
Asbringsabouttheengendering(生长,发芽)oftheflower,
WhenalsoZephyrus(希腊人认为西风神是森林诸神中最温柔者)withhissweetbreath
Exhales[eksˈheɪl](breatheout)anairineverygrove(wood)andheath(openanduncultivatedland)
Uponthetendershoots(嫩芽,幼苗),andtheyoungsun
Hishalf-courseinthesignoftheRamhasrun,(白羊宫,但太阳经过白羊宫时为三月二十一日至四月二十一日,正值春天。
)
Andthesmallfowl(birds)aremakingmelody
Thatsleepawaythenightwithopeneye
Thenpeoplelongtogoonpilgrimages
Andpalmers[ˈpɑ:
mə](朝圣者)longtoseekthestrangerstrands(shore)
Offar-offsaints,hallowed(respect)insundry(allkindsof)lands,
Andspecially,fromeveryshire’s(郡)end
OfEngland,downtoCanterburytheywend(go)
Toseektheholyblissful(有造化的)martyr[ˈmɑ:
tə](殉教者),quick
Togivehishelptothemwhentheyweresick.
thappenedinthatseasonthatoneday
InSouthwark,attheTabard,asIlay(精心准备)
Readytogoonpilgrimageandstart
ForCanterbury,mostdevout[dɪˈvaʊt](虔诚的)atheart,
Atnighttherecameintothehostelry[ˈhɔstəlri](hotel)
Somenineandtwentyinacompany(group)
Ofsundryfolk(people)happeningthentofall
Infellowship,andtheywerepilgrimsall
ThattowardsCanterburymeanttoride.
Theroomsandstables(马厩)oftheinnwerewide;
Theymadeuseasy(comfortable),allwasofthebest,
And,briefly,whenthesunhadgonetorest,
I’dspokentothemalluponthetrip
Andwassoononewiththeminfellowship,
Pledged(promise)toriseearlyandtotaketheway
ToCanterbury,asyouheardmesay.
Butnonetheless(still),whileIhavetimeandspace,
Beforemystorytakesafurtherpace,(趁故事正文尚未开始,我还有时间和篇幅)
Itseemsareasonablethingtosay
Whattheircondition(社会地位)was,thefullarray(rank)
Ofeachofthem,asitappearedtome.
Accordingtoprofessionanddegree(地位),
Andwhatapparel(clothes)theywereridingin;
AndataKnightIthereforewillbegin.
TherewasaKnight,amostdistinguishedman,
Whofromthedayonwhichhefirstbegan
Torideabroadhadfollowedchivalry[ˈʃɪvəlri:
],
Truth(faith),honour(reputation),freedom(generosity)andallcourtesy(refinement,politeness).
Hehaddonenoblyinhissovereign’s[ˈsɔvrin](king)war,
Andriddenintobattle,nonemorefar
AswellinChristendom[ˈkrisəndəm]基督教世界
asinheathen[ˈhi:
ðən]异教徒places,
Andeverhonouredforhisnoblegraces.涵养
WhenwetookAlexandria(埃及港市),hewasthere.
eoftensatattableinthechair
ofhonour,aboveallnations,wheninPrussia普鲁士.
InLithuania[ˌliθju(:
)ˈeinjə]立陶宛hehadridden,andRussia,
NoChristianmansooften,ofhisdegree.
InfarG
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