孙中山三权分立Sun Zhongshan the separation of the three powers.docx
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孙中山三权分立Sun Zhongshan the separation of the three powers.docx
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孙中山三权分立SunZhongshantheseparationofthethreepowers
孙中山三权分立(SunZhongshan,theseparationofthethreepowers)
[Keywords]fivepowerconstitutionrestrictingthepowerofthreepowers
[Abstract]SunZhongshan'sthoughtistheseparationoffivepowersandtheinitiationofadirectimpactontheWesternRepresentativeThoughtundertheseparationofthethreepowersunder,butthefivepowerconstitutionthoughtsofSunZhongshanistocorrecttheshortcomingsofthreepowerssystemcreated,sothedifferencebetweenthetwoisnotsimplyontheamount,thetwohaveaprincipleddistinction.
SunZhongshanthoughtofthefivepowerconstitutionissumuphistoricalexperienceofcapitalistpoliticalsystemsuccessinEuropeandtheUnitedStates,Japanandothercountries,ineighteenthCenturyseventeen,adoptedtheWesternEnlightenmentthinkersdoctrine,andjoinedtheChinesehistoryofpoliticalruleandtheformationofdistinctiveexperience,istheexpressionofsunZhongshanhopethatthe"new"DemocraticRepublicideathetheory,isamasterofhisthoughtinto.SunZhongshantheseparationofthethreepowersofWesternthoughtandthoughtarecloselyrelated,itcanbesaidthattheseparationoffivepowersisthedirecteffectoftheseparationofthethreepowersundertheinitiation.ButSunZhongshanproposed"separationoffivepowers"andthewesternrepresentativeofthe"threepowers"isnotsimplytheamountofthedifferences,thetwohaveaprincipleddistinction:
First,theideologicalbasisofthetwoaredifferent
Basedontheseparationofthethreepowersisthewesterntheoryofdecentralization,theseparationofthefoundationistheseparationofpower.ThetheoryofseparationofpowerswasadvocatedbyWesternEnlightenmentthinkerssuchasRockandMontesquieu.Theideaistoprotectthefreedomofthepeopleandtocarryouttheruleoflaw.Inordertopreventtyranny,thepowerofthegovernmentshouldbedividedintoseveralindependentpowerbydifferentauthoritiestoexerciseindependently,andmutualrestraint,asMontesquieusaid:
"nomatterwhomasteredthepower,willbeappliedtohisauthoritarianpole,......Tostoptheabuseofauthority,powermustbeusedtocontainpower."...Buttheseparationisconstructedonthetheoreticalbasisoftheseparationofpower,thisisSunZhongshaninthestudyofthethreeWesternpowersthoughtafterthediscoveryofthreepowershasmanydisadvantages.Createdinordertoovercometheseills.Theideaisthataslongasthepeoplehavetheright,theyarenotafraidofthegovernment'somnipotence.Moreover,itisnecessarytohavea"universalgovernment"inordertomakethepeoplehappy.Therefore,headvocatedthestatepowerintopoliticalpowerandtherighttorule,theregimeforpeopletograsp,withtheelectionandrecall,initiativeandreferendumfourpower,theformertwoarepeoplemanagementofficialsinpower,theyarepeople'slegalpowermanagement.Fourofthepeoplehavethepower,civilrightsfully,andhavethepowertomanageeverythingthegovernmentcancontrolit;governanceincludingadministrative,legislativeandjudicialexaminationandsupervision,thefivepower,withtheuniversalgovernmentorganization,becausethefateofpowercontrolinthehandsofthepeople,soitcanonlybegood,andnoevil.Inthisway,people'srightsandthegovernmentpowerandcivilrights:
bothrunparallelefficiency,sothatthetwotendstocoordinateandbalance,overcomemanyabusesundertheseparationofthethreepowers.
Two,thepurposeofthetwodifferent
Itisbecauseoftheseparationofthreepowersanddifferenttheoreticalbasis,sothetwoisdifferent,theseparationofthethreepowersaimstoprotectpersonalfreedomandrights,andtheseparationofthepurposeistorealizetherightofthepeople,thegovernmenthasto.
Thewesterntheoryofseparationofpowerswascompletedinthebourgeoisrevolutionperiod.Theconstitutionwasbornafterthegradualmaturityofhumanrightsthoughtasatheoreticalsystemandsocialideal,restrictedbythespecifichistoricalbackground.Thedirectbasisofthewesterntraditionalconstitutionisderivedfromthetheoryof"naturalrightsofhumanrights"and"people'ssovereignty"".Theso-called"naturalrights"referstothehumanlife,freedom,equalityandproperty,etc.,isinherent,inalienableandnontransferablerights.Inordertosolvethedifficultiesandinconveniencetopeoplewithoutthestateandthegovernmentofthestateofnature,throughtheconstitutionalgovernmentorganization,itspurposeistorequiretheexerciseofstatepowertoprotectthebasicrightsofeachperson,therealizationofsocialcommonpublicinterests.Therefore,thegovernmentisonlythepeople'strustee,inordertopreventthegovernmentafterobtainingthetrustofthepeople,theriskmayrepeatthemistakesofthefeudalautocraticmonarchy,WesternEnlightenmentthinkersonthethoughtofseparationofpowersandchecksandbalances,inventedthetheoryofseparationofpowers,usethelawtobindthegovernment,inordertopreventtyranny,freedomandpersonalrightsthe.SunZhongshan'saimistorealizetheseparationoftherightofthepeople,thegovernmentcan,butheintheinvestigationofWesternseparationofthethreepowersofthepoliticalsystemandfoundthatithasmanydisadvantages,a"people'sattitudeisalwaysagainstthegovernment",therelationshipbetweenthepeopleandthegovernmentistheopposite;underthissystem,therightofthepeopleandthegovernmentcandeviatefromthe"civilrightsindevelopedcountries,thegovernmentisincompetent;thegovernmentcancountry,civilrightsisnotsufficient,evencannotbeguaranteed".Therefore,SunZhongshanlearnedfromtheexperienceoftheUnitedStatesandEurope,compliedwiththeneedsoftheworldtrend,focusedontherealizationoftheinterestsofthewholepeople,incorporatedindividualfreedomintothefreedomofthegroup,andputforwardthepropositionofbuildingauniversalgovernment,
Theapproachtorealizethispurposeisthatthegovernment,"separationoffivepowers"isdividedintofivedifferentdepartmentscarryouttheirduties,cooperatewitheachother,underfourpowercontrolofthepeopletoformagroup,creatingahighlyefficientstatemachine,betterrealizethesovereigntyofthepeople".
Three,threeandfivepowerrightindifferentinnatureandscope
Thewestern"threerights"referstothestatepowerintolegislative,executiveandjudicialpowers,SunZhongshan's"fivepowers"isbasedontheabovethreeontherightandright,rightofsupervisionandexamination,examinationpowerisseparatedfromtheWestinadministrativepower,supervisionpowerisseparatedfromthethelegislativepowerofthe.ItshouldbesaidthatSunZhongshan'sfivepowerisnotthreerightsimpleplustworights,inSunZhongshan'sdesign,statepowerwillbedividedintofivepower,itsnatureandscopeisdifferentfromthewesternthreeright,afundamentalchange.
Theadministrativepoweristheimplementationoflawsandpolicies,safeguardpublicsafety,anditsentenvoys,defenseforeignaggression,statepower,isindispensableinthegovernmentauthority,andthegovernmentisessentiallyadministrative.Intheseparationofthethreepowerssystem,pursuelegislativesupremacy,somustbegovernedbytheadministrativelegislation,"ifyouhavethepowertobeabletoguaranteetheirgoodbehaviorofcitizensinjailifthelegislatureforadministrativeorgans,freedomcannotexist".Moreover,theadministrativepowerundertheseparationofthethreepowersisapassiveandnegativeauthority,andthescopeisverysmall.Theseparationoffivepowersundertheadministrativepower,isakindofgovernance,becauseitspurposeistoestablishauniversalgovernment,forthewelfareofthepeople,andtherealizationofthisfunctionisthemostimportanttorelyonadministrativepower,sointhissystemofadministrativepowerisactiveandactive,itsrangeisverylarge.SunZhongshanmentionedinthefivepower,alwaysrefertotheadministrativepower,whichisthelegislativepower,judicialpower,examinationpower,supervisionpower,itcanbesaidthattheadministrativepoweristhefirstoftheremainingfourisrightaroundtheadministrativepowerarounditsservices,whichbrokethewestern"legislationfirst"pattern.
Legislativepoweristhepowertomakeoramendthelaw,thegeneralwillofthestate.InMontesquieu'sargument,althoughthatlegislativepowershouldhavethecollectiveenjoyment,butthedirectexerciseofcivilrights"isnotpossibleinthecountry,thecountryhasalotofinconvenience,sopeoplemustthroughtheirrepresentativeselectedtodoallthethingstheycan'tdothings",thereforeadvocatedtheexerciseoflegislativeE5rightthroughtherepresentative,"therepresentativeorganizationistomakelawsorsupervisionofitslawsandexecutiveelected".Undertheguidanceofthistheory,thelegislativepowerundertheseparationofthethreepowersbelongstotherepresentativeorganofParliament.Itrepresentsthepeopleandsupervisesthegovernmentandmakeslaws.Inthissense,thelegislativepowerbelongstothegovernment.Thelegislativepowerundertheruleofseparationoffivepowersbelongtothecontentoftheright,inordertoreferencetheneedsofadministrativemanagement,administrativeexperience,andactivelyputforwardlegislativeproposals,tosolvetheproblemofadministrativemanagement.Andthescopeoflegislativepowerthanthelegislativepoweroftheseparationofthethreepowersunderthescopetobesmall,becausethedesigninthefivepowerconstitution,Parliamentwillsupervisethegovernment'spowerofimpeachm
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