Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Resulting from Activities Dangerous to the Environment.docx
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Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Resulting from Activities Dangerous to the Environment.docx
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ConventiononCivilLiabilityforDamageResultingfromActivitiesDangeroustotheEnvironment
EuropeanTreatySeries-No.150
CONVENTION
ONCIVILLIABILITY
FORDAMAGERESULTING
FROMACTIVITIESDANGEROUS
TOTHEENVIRONMENT
Lugano,21.VI.1993
ThememberStatesoftheCouncilofEurope,theotherStatesandtheEuropeanEconomicCommunitysignatoryhereto,
ConsideringthattheaimoftheCouncilofEuropeistoachieveagreaterunitybetweenitsmembers;
NotingthatoneoftheobjectivesoftheCouncilofEuropeistocontributetothequalityoflifeofhumanbeings,inparticularbypromotinganatural,healthyandagreeableenvironment;
ConsideringthewishoftheCouncilofEuropetoco-operatewithotherStatesinthefieldofnatureconservationandprotectionoftheenvironment;
Realisingthatman,theenvironmentandpropertyareexposedtospecificdangerscausedbycertainactivities;
Consideringthatemissionsreleasedinonecountrymaycausedamageinanothercountryandthat,therefore,theproblemsofadequatecompensationforsuchdamagearealsoofaninternationalnature;
Havingregardtothedesirabilityofprovidingforstrictliabilityinthisfieldtakingintoaccountthe“PolluterPays”Principle;
Mindfuloftheworkwhichhasalreadybeencarriedoutataninternationallevel,inparticulartopreventdamageandtodealwithdamagecausedbynuclearsubstancesandthecarriageofdangerousgoods;
HavingnotedPrinciple13ofthe1992RioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopment,accordingtowhich“Statesshalldevelopnationallawregardingliabilityandcompensationforthevictimsofpollutionandotherenvironmentaldamage;theyshallalsoco-operateinanexpeditiousandmoredeterminedmannertodevelopfurtherinternationallawregardingliabilityandcompensationforadverseeffectsofenvironmentaldamagecausedbyactivitieswithintheirjurisdictionorcontroltoareasbeyondtheirjurisdiction”;
Recognisingtheneedtoadoptfurthermeasurestodealwithgraveandimminentthreatsofdamagefromdangerousactivitiesandtofacilitatetheburdenofproofforpersonsrequestingcompensationforsuchdamage,
Haveagreedasfollows:
ChapterI–Generalprovisions
Article1–Objectandpurpose
ThisConventionaimsatensuringadequatecompensationfordamageresultingfromactivitiesdangeroustotheenvironmentandalsoprovidesformeansofpreventionandreinstatement.
Article2–Definitions
ForthepurposeofthisConvention:
1“Dangerousactivity”meansoneormoreofthefollowingactivitiesprovidedthatitisperformedprofessionally,includingactivitiesconductedbypublicauthorities:
atheproduction,handling,storage,useordischargeofoneormoredangeroussubstancesoranyoperationofasimilarnaturedealingwithsuchsubstances;
btheproduction,culturing,handling,storage,use,destruction,disposal,releaseoranyotheroperationdealingwithoneormore:
–geneticallymodifiedorganismswhichasaresultofthepropertiesoftheorganism,thegeneticmodificationandtheconditionsunderwhichtheoperationisexercised,poseasignificantriskforman,theenvironmentorproperty;
–micro-organismswhichasaresultoftheirpropertiesandtheconditionsunderwhichtheoperationisexercisedposeasignificantriskforman,theenvironmentorproperty,suchasthosemicro-organismswhicharepathogenicorwhichproducetoxins;
ctheoperationofaninstallationorsitefortheincineration,treatment,handlingorrecyclingofwaste,suchasthoseinstallationsorsitesspecifiedinAnnexII,providedthatthequantitiesinvolvedposeasignificantriskforman,theenvironmentorproperty;
dtheoperationofasiteforthepermanentdepositofwaste.
2“Dangeroussubstance”means:
asubstancesorpreparationswhichhavepropertieswhichconstituteasignificantriskforman,theenvironmentorproperty.Asubstanceorpreparationwhichisexplosive,oxidizing,extremelyflammable,highlyflammable,flammable,verytoxic,toxic,harmful,corrosive,irritant,sensitizing,carcinogenic,mutagenic,toxicforreproductionordangerousfortheenvironmentwithinthemeaningofAnnexI,PartAtothisConventionshallinanyeventbedeemedtoconstitutesucharisk;
bsubstancesspecifiedinAnnexI,PartBtothisConvention.Withoutprejudicetotheapplicationofsub-paragraph aabove,AnnexI,PartBmayrestrictthespecificationofdangeroussubstancestocertainquantitiesorconcentrations,certainrisksorcertainsituations.
3“Geneticallymodifiedorganism”meansanyorganisminwhichthegeneticmaterialhasbeenalteredinawaywhichdoesnotoccurnaturallybymatingand/ornaturalrecombination.
However,thefollowinggeneticallymodifiedorganismsarenotcoveredbytheConvention:
–organismsobtainedbymutagenesisonconditionthatthegeneticmodificationdoesnotinvolvetheuseofgeneticallymodifiedorganismsasrecipientorganisms;and
–plantsobtainedbycellfusion(includingprotoplastfusion)iftheresultingplantcanalsobeproducedbytraditionalbreedingmethodsandonconditionthatthegeneticmodificationdoesnotinvolvetheuseofgeneticallymodifiedorganismsasparentalorganisms.
“Organism”referstoanybiologicalentitycapableofreplicationoroftransferringgeneticmaterial.
4“Micro-organism”meansanymicrobiologicalentity,cellularornon-cellular,capableofreplicationoroftransferringgeneticmaterial.
5“Operator”meansthepersonwhoexercisesthecontrolofadangerousactivity.
6“Person”meansanyindividualorpartnershiporanybodygovernedbypublicorprivatelaw,whethercorporateornot,includingaStateoranyofitsconstituentsubdivisions.
7“Damage”means:
alossoflifeorpersonalinjury;
blossofordamagetopropertyotherthantotheinstallationitselforpropertyheldunderthecontroloftheoperator,atthesiteofthedangerousactivity;
clossordamagebyimpairmentoftheenvironmentinsofarasthisisnotconsideredtobedamagewithinthemeaningofsubparagraphsaorbaboveprovidedthatcompensationforimpairmentoftheenvironment,otherthanforlossofprofitfromsuchimpairment,shallbelimitedtothecostsofmeasuresofreinstatementactuallyundertakenortobeundertaken;
dthecostsofpreventivemeasuresandanylossordamagecausedbypreventivemeasures,
totheextentthatthelossordamagereferredtoinsubparagraphsatocofthisparagrapharisesoutoforresultsfromthehazardouspropertiesofthedangeroussubstances,geneticallymodifiedorganismsormicroorganismsorarisesorresultsfromwaste.
8“Measuresofreinstatement”meansanyreasonablemeasuresaimingtoreinstateorrestoredamagedordestroyedcomponentsoftheenvironment,ortointroduce,wherereasonable,theequivalentofthesecomponentsintotheenvironment.Internallawmayindicatewhowillbeentitledtotakesuchmeasures.
9“Preventivemeasures”meansanyreasonablemeasurestakenbyanyperson,afteranincidenthasoccurredtopreventorminimiselossordamageasreferredtoinparagraph 7,sub-paragraphs atocofthisarticle.
10“Environment”includes:
–naturalresourcesbothabioticandbiotic,suchasair,water,soil,faunaandfloraandtheinteractionbetweenthesamefactors;
–propertywhichformspartoftheculturalheritage;and
–thecharacteristicaspectsofthelandscape.
11“Incident”meansanysuddenoccurrenceorcontinuousoccurrenceoranyseriesofoccurrenceshavingthesameorigin,whichcausesdamageorcreatesagraveandimminentthreatofcausingdamage.
Article3–Geographicalscope
WithoutprejudicetotheprovisionsofChapter III,thisConventionshallapply:
awhentheincidentoccursintheterritoryofaParty,asdeterminedinaccordancewithArticle 34,regardlessofwherethedamageissuffered;
bwhentheincidentoccursoutsidetheterritoryreferredtoinsubparagraph aaboveandtheconflictoflawsrulesleadtotheapplicationofthelawinforcefortheterritoryreferredtoinsubparagraph aabove.
Article4–Exceptions
1ThisConventionshallnotapplytodamagearisingfromcarriage;carriageincludestheperiodfromthebeginningoftheprocessofloadinguntiltheendoftheprocessofunloading.However,theConventionshallapplytocarriagebypipeline,aswellastocarriageperformedentirelyinaninstallationoronasiteunaccessibletothepublicwhereitisaccessorytootheractivitiesandisanintegralpartthereof.
2ThisConventionshallnotapplytodamagecausedbyanuclearsubstance:
aarisingfromanuclearincidenttheliabilityofwhichisregulatedeitherbytheParisConventionof29July1960onthirdpartyliabilityinthefieldofnuclearenergy,anditsAdditionalProtocolof28January1964,ortheViennaConventionof21May1963oncivilliabilityfornucleardamage;or
bifliabilityforsuchdamageisregulatedbyaspecificinternallaw,providedthatsuchlawisasfavourable,withregardtocompensationfordamage,asanyoftheinstrumentsreferredtoundersub-paragraph aabove.
3ThisConventionshallnotapplytotheextentthatitisincompatiblewiththerulesoftheapplicablelawrelatingtoworkmen'scompensationorsocialsecurityschemes.
ChapterII–Liability
Article5–Transitionalprovisions
1TheprovisionsofthischaptershallapplytoincidentsoccurringaftertheentryintoforceoftheConventioninrespectofaParty.WhentheincidentconsistsofacontinuousoccurrenceoraseriesofoccurrenceshavingthesameoriginandpartoftheseoccurrencestookplacebeforetheentryintoforceofthisConvention,thischaptershallonlyapplytodamage
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