SAT例子精选2智慧篇.docx
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SAT例子精选2智慧篇.docx
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SAT例子精选2智慧篇
BrightMinds
Newton
Newton’saimatCambridgewasalawdegree.InstructionatCambridgewasdominatedbythephilosophyofAristotlebutsomefreedomofstudywasallowedinthethirdyearofthecourse.Newtonhadagoldenopportunitytostudyanabundanceofgreatminds:
thephilosophyofDescartes,Gassendi,Hobbes,andinparticularBoyle.ThemechanicsoftheCopernicanastronomyofGalileoattractedhimandhealsostudiedKepler’sOptics.ItisafascinatingaccountofhowNewton’sideaswereformed.Hecollectedallthesethoughtsanddevelopedhisownsystembywhichhesuccessfullyexplainedawiderangeofpreviouslyunrelatedphenomena:
theeccentricorbitsofcomets,theprocessionoftheEarth’saxis,andmotionoftheMoonasperturbedbythegravityoftheSun,aswellasthethreelawsofmotionthatmadehimaninternationalleaderinscientificresearchandthegreatestpilotinhuman’scivilization.(157)
Darwin’sOriginofSpecies
Thetheoryofevolutionisoneofthegreatintellectualrevolutionsofhumanhistory.Hundredsofyearsago,peoplewereconfusedwiththecomplexityofdifferentspeciesoftheworld,andbelievedthatspecieswerecreatedbythemysteriousGod.However,Darwindidnotbelieveso.Afterseveralyears'study,heeventuallydemonstratedthatspecies,howevercomplexseemingly,allevolvedbynaturalselectionfromsimpleandpreliminaryconditions.WhenDarwinpublishedhisfamousresearchresultsontheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection,thebookencounteredlotsofcontroversies.Membersofthereligiouscommunity,aswellassomescientificpeers,wereoutragedandprotested.However,Darwin’sideaofevolutioneventuallydefeatedthetraditionalbeliefandwasacceptedandacknowledgedbysomeinsightfulscientistsandfinallybythesociety.Itisnowreverencedasoneofthegreatestintellectualrevolutionsofhumanhistory.(144)
NicolausCopernicus
NicolausCopernicuswasaPolishmathematicianandastronomerwhoproposedthatthesunwasstationaryinthecenteroftheuniverseandtheearthrevolvedaroundit.DisturbedbythefailureofPtolemy'sgeocentricmodeloftheuniversetofollowAristotle'srequirementfortheuniformcircularmotionofallcelestialbodies,Copernicusdecidedthathecouldachievehisgoalonlythroughaheliocentricmodel.Hetherebycreatedaconceptofauniverseinwhichthedistancesoftheplanetsfromthesunboreadirectrelationshiptothesizeoftheirorbits.AtthetimeCopernicus'sheliocentricideawasverycontroversial;nevertheless,itwasthestartofachangeinthewaytheworldwasviewed,andCopernicuscametobeseenastheinitiatoroftheScientificRevolution.(129)
GalileoGalilei
GalileoGalileiwasanItalianphysicist,mathematician,astronomer,andphilosopherwhoplayedamajorroleintheScientificRevolution.Hisachievementsincludeimprovementstothetelescopeandconsequentastronomicalobservations,andsupportforCopernicanism.Galileo'sobservationsaboutfoursatellitesofJupiterwithhisnewtelescopeconvincedhimofthetruthofCopernicus'ssun-centeredorheliocentrictheory.Galileohasbeencalledthe"fatherofmodernobservationalastronomy,"the"fatherofmodernphysics,"and"theFatherofModernScience."StephenHawkingsays,"Galileo,perhapsmorethananyothersingleperson,wasresponsibleforthebirthofmodernscience."(96)
ChristopherColumbus
In1485,ColumbuspresentedhisplanstoJohnII,KingofPortugal.Herequestedhebemade"GreatAdmiraloftheOcean",appointedgovernorofanyandalllandshediscovered,andgivenone-tenthofallrevenuefromthoselands.Thekingsubmittedtheproposaltohisexpertsandrejectedit.In1488ColumbusappealedtothecourtofPortugalonceagain,andonceagainitalsoprovedunsuccessful.Then,ColumbustravelledfromPortugaltobothGenoaandVenice,buthereceivedencouragementfromneither.In1486,ColumbuspresentedhisplanstoQueenIsabella.Afterthepassingofmuchtime,thesesavantsofSpain,liketheircounterpartsinPortugal,pronouncedtheideaimpractical,andadvisedtheirRoyalHighnessestopassontheproposedventure.ButafterendlessattemptsatestablishingasettlementofHispanism,CatholicMonarchsfinallygavehimanannualallowanceof12,000maravedisandfurnishedhimwithaletterorderingallcitiesandtownsundertheirdomaintoprovidehimfoodandlodgingwithwhichColumbussuccessfullyinitiatedwidespreadcontactbetweenEuropeansandindigenousAmericansandcarvedoutthecross-continentaltrademarket.(183)
JohnNash
Before1950,AdamSmithwasrespectedas“thefatherofGameTheory”,hewroteafamousbooknamedTheWealthofNationsanddemonstrated“perfectcompetition”whichwascommonlyacceptedbypeople.Thereisasentencefromthebook“Individualambitionseriousthecommongood”whichmeanswheneachindividualpursuehisowninterests,thebenefitsofthegroupwillbeimprovedmosteffectively.However,JohnNash,anormalmathematicianinPrincetonUniversity,createdatheory“NashEquilibrium”whichlaidthefoundationofGameTheoryin1950.HedoubtedthestatementfromAdamSmith,andhesucceeded.JohnNashwrotea28pagesdissertationtoargueanewtheory.Duetothefactthatpersonalbenefitsconflicteachother,theinterestofagroupwillbeharmed.Toensuretheinterestsofwholegroup,individualsshouldfindequilibriumbetweenthepersonalandgroupinterests.Consequently,JohnNashreceivedtheNobelPrizeineconomicsandfundamentallyreformedthearenaofeconomics.
(160)
AlfredBernhardNobel-1
AlfredBernhardNobelwasaSwedishchemist,engineer,innovator,armamentsmanufacturerandtheinventorofdynamite.Tobeabletodetonatethedynamiterodshealsoinventedadetonatorwhichcouldbeignitedbylightingafuse.ThemarketfordynamiteanddetonatingcapsgrewveryrapidlyandAlfredNobelalsoprovedhimselftobeaveryskillfulentrepreneurandbusinessman.Helaterproducedballistite,oneofthefirstsmokelesspowders.Atthetimeofhisdeath,hiswillprovidehisenormousfortuneofthemajorportionof$9millionestatetoinstitutetheNobelPrize,ayearlyprizeformeritinphysics,chemistry,medicineandphysiology,literature,andworldpeace.Thesyntheticelementnobeliumwasnamedafterhim.(119)
ThomasEdison
In19thcentury,peoplecouldonlygetlightfromcandles,butitsufferedfromseveraldisadvantages,includingexorbitantlyhighpriceandinadequatelightness.ThomasEdison,oneofthemostprominentinventorsinthe20thcentury,overcame1500failureandsuitablefilamentforelectriclightbulbwhichwereaffordableforallpeopletobuyanduse.Hetriednumerousmaterialssuchasiron,copper,aluminum,silver,hair,evenhiscolleague’sbrownbeard,buthefailsalltimes.Neverthelesshedidnotgiveupanddedicatedhimselfinfindingthebestmaterial.Thebeliefheldbyhimwasthat“wewillmaketheelectricitysocheapthatonlytherichwillburncandles.”Hehadthefirstsuccessfulexperimentin1879,findingthatcarbonfilamentcanlastover40hours,butheandhisteamwerenotsatisfiedforthat.Throughhundredsoftoughtrying,theyfinallyfoundcarbonizedbamboofilamentwhichcouldlastover1200hours.Furthermore,thelightbulbsinventedbyEdisonwiththemostsuitablefilamenthavenotonlylighteduptheworld,butinfluencedpeople’slivesallovertheworlduntilnow.(185)
TheWrightBrothers
TheWrightbrothers,creditedwithinventingandbuildingtheworld’sfirstsuccessfulairplane.Butequallyimportantisthattheyhavewalkedalongwayandendurednumerousfailureshardshipsandfrustrationsbeforethefinalsuccess.
1900Glider
Inthefirsttests,thegliderflewasakitenotfarabovethegroundwithmenbelowholdingtetherropes.Mostofthekitetestswereunpilotedwithsandbagsorchains(andevenalocalboy)asonboardballast.Althoughtheglider'sliftwaslessthanexpected,thebrotherswereencouragedbecausethecraft’sfrontelevatorworkedwellandtheyhadnoaccidents.However,thesmallnumberoffreeglidesmeanttheywerenotabletogivewing-warpingatruetest.
1901Glider
Hopingtoimprovelift,theybuiltthe1901gliderwithamuchlargerwingareaandmade50to100flights.Theglider,however,deliveredanotherdisappointment.Itproducedonlyaboutone-thirdtheliftcalculatedandsometimesfailedtorespondproperlytowing-warping.Backhome,puttingasidethethree-wheelbicycle,theybuiltatunnel.Thedevicesallowedthebrotherstobalanceliftagainstdragandaccuratelycalculatetheperformanceofeachwing.
1902Gliderandfinalsuccess
TheWrightsdesignedtheir1902glider,usinganothercrucialdiscoveryfromthewindtunnelwhiletheymadetheairfoilflatter.Theimprovedwingdesignenabledconsistentlylongerglides.WiththeirnewmethodtheWrightsachievedtruecontrolinturnsforthefirsttimein1902,amajormilestone.OnMarch23,1903,theWrightsappliedfortheirfamouspatentfora“FlyingMachine",basedontheirsuccessful1902glider.Theyassertedthatperfectionofthe1902glideressentiallyrepresentsinventionoftheairplane.(280)
HenryFord
Henryford,oneofthemostinfluentialinventorsinthehistory,wasalwaysinattentiveinschool.Once,heandafriendtookawatchaparttoprobetheprinciplebehindit.Angryandupset,theteacherpunishedhimbothtostayafterschool.Theirpunishmentwastostayuntiltheyhadfixedthewatch.Buttheteacherdidnotknowyoungford’sgenius,intenminutes;thismechanicalwizardhadrepairedthewatchandwasonthiswayhome.ItisimaginationthatinvigoratedFordtomakeathroughinquiryaboutthingshedidnotknow.He
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