地质专业英语资料.docx
- 文档编号:25957440
- 上传时间:2023-06-16
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:134
- 大小:381.35KB
地质专业英语资料.docx
《地质专业英语资料.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《地质专业英语资料.docx(134页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
地质专业英语资料
EnglishReadingMaterialfor
Geology,Hydrogeology,EngineeringgeologyandEnvironmentalGeology
DepartmentofResources,EnvironmentandEngineeringShijiazhuangUniversityofEconomics
Content
UnitOne:
TheEarth通用1
UnitTwo:
TheAtmosphere环4
UnitThree:
Oceans通用8
UnitFour:
Groundwater通用13
UnitFive:
Minerals地17
UnitSix:
Rocks通用21
UnitSeven:
WeatheringandErosion通用28
UnitEight:
GeologicalStructures通用32
UnitNine:
EarthHistory通用36
UnitTen:
Continentaldrift地41
UnitEleven:
PlateTectonics地44
UnitTwelve:
EarthquakesandSeismicWaves地47
Unitthirteen:
IntroductionofIgneousGeochemistry地51
UnitFourteen:
Usingtraceelementanalysistodeterminethetectonicsettingofbasicvolcanicrocks地55
UnitFifteen:
GeophysicalProspecting地、工60
UnitSixteen:
Water水64
UnitSeventeen:
CharacterofGroundwater水、环67
UnitEighteen:
ParametersofGroundwaterFlow水72
UnitNineteen:
HydrogeologicalInvestigations水77
UnitTwenty:
Soils水、环80
UnitTwenty-one:
Mechanicalbehaviorofrockandsoil工84
UnitTwenty-two:
Reservoirs水、工88
UnitTwenty-three:
Dams工92
UnitTwenty-four:
ExcavationandSupport工96
UnitTwenty-five:
SlopeStabilityandDownslopeMovement工、环101
UnitOne:
TheEarth通用
Introduction
TheEarthisaverylargesphericalbody.ThescienceofgeologyisconcernedwiththeEarthandtherocksofwhichitcomposed,theprocessesbywhichtheywereformedduringgeologicaltime,andthemodelingoftheEarth’ssurfaceinthepastandatthepresentday.Earthisnotastaticbodybutisconstantlysubjecttochangesbothatitssurfaceandatdeeperlevels.
Surfacechangescanbeobservedbyengineersandgeologistsalike;amongthemerosionisadominantprocesswhichintimedestroyscoastalcliffs,reducestheheightofcontinents,andtransportsthematerialsoremovedeithertotheseaortoinlandbasinsofdeposition.Changesthatoriginatebelowthesurfacearenotsoeasilyobservedandtheirnaturecanonlybepostulated.Somearethecauseofslowmovementsofcontinentsacrossthesurfaceoftheglobe;otherscausethemorerapidchangesassociatedwithvolcaniceruptionsandearthquakes.
ThesurfaceoftheEarth
Dimensionsandsurfacerelief
TheradiusoftheEarthattheequatoris6370kmandthepolarradiusisshorterbyabout22km;thustheEarthisnotquiteaperfectsphere.Theplanethasasurfaceareaof510106m2,ofwhichsome29percentisland.Iftothisisaddedtheshallowseaareasoftheshelfwhichsurroundsthecontinents,thetotallandareaisnearly35percentofthewholesurface.Inotherwords,nearlytwo-thirdsofthesurfaceiscoveredbydeepocean.
Fig.1Asketchprofileofcontinentalmargin
Surfacereliefisveryvaried(seefig.1);mountainsrisetoseveralkilometersabovesealevel,withamaximumof8.848kmatEverest(珠穆朗玛峰).Theaverageheightoflandabovesealevelis0.875kmandthemeandepthoftheoceanfloorisabout3.73km.Inplacestheoceanfloordescendstomuchgreaterdepthsinelongatedareasortrenches;theMarianasTrench(马里亚纳海沟)intheN.W.Pacificreachesthegreatestknowndepth,11.034km.TheextremesofheightanddeptharesmallincomparisonwiththeEarth’sradius,andarefoundonlyinlimitedareas.Theoceans,seas,lakesandriversarecollectivelyreferredtoasthehydrosphere;andthewholeissurroundedbyagaseousenvelope,theatmosphere.
TheinterioroftheEarth
OurknowledgeoftheEarth’sinteriorisatpresentbasedonthosedirectinvestigationsthatcanbemadetodepthsofafewkilometersfromthesurface,togetherwithextrapolationstolowerlevels.Studiesofheat-flow,geostaticpressure,earthquakes,andestimationsofisostaticbalancerevealmuchabouttheinterioroftheEarth.
Fig.2InteriorstructureoftheEarth
Itiswellknownfromdeepminingoperationsthattemperatureincreasesdownwardsatanaveragerateof30Cperkm.Thisrateishighernearasourceofheatsuchasanactivevolcaniccenter,andisalsoaffectedbythethermalconductivityoftherocksataparticularlocality.Assumingforthemomentthatthetemperaturegradientcontinuesattheaveragerate,calculationshowsthatatadepthofsome30kmthetemperaturewouldbesuchthatmostknownrockswouldbegintomelt.ThehighpressureprevailingatthatdepthandtheabilityofcrustalrockstoconductheatawaytothesurfaceoftheEarthresultintherock-materialthereremaininginarelativelysolidcondition;buttherewillbeadepthatwhichitbecomesessentiallyaviscousfluidandthisdefinesthebaseofthelithosphere(seefig.2).
ThemeandensityoftheEarth,whichisfoundfromitsestimatedmassandvolume,is5.527g/cm3.Thisisgreaterthanthedensityofmostrocksfoundatthesurface,whichrarelyexceeds3;sedimentaryrocksaverage2.3,andtheabundantigneousrockgraniteabout2.7.Inordertobringthemeandensityto5.5theremustthereforebedensermaterialatlowerlevelswithintheEarth.OurknowledgeoftheinterioroftheEarthhascomelargelyfromthestudyoftheelasticwavesgeneratedbyearthquakes,inparticularfromresearchintothewayinwhichearthquakewavesarebent(bydiffractionatcertainboundaries)astheypassthroughtheEarth.Thishasshownthatourplanethasacoreofheavymaterialwithadensityof8.Twometals,ironandnickel,havedensitiesalittlebelowandabove8respectively,andthecoreisbelievedtobecomposedmainlyofiron.Surroundingthisheavycoreistheregionknownasthemantle;andoverlyingthatisthecrust,whichisitselfcomposite.Incontinentalareastheaveragethicknessofthecrustisabout30km;intheoceansitis10km.Themantlehasarangeofdensityintermediatebetweenthatofthecrustandthecore.
VocabulariesandPhrases:
modelingn造型postulatevt,vi假定,推测
erosionn侵蚀eruptionn喷发,爆发
inlandbasin内陆盆地abyssalplain深海平原
continentalrise大陆基lithospheren岩石圈
continentalshelf大陆架asthenopheren软流圈
reliefn地貌,地形起伏thermalconductivity热传导率
descendvi下降temperaturegradient温度剃度
trenchn海沟prevailinga占优势的
extrapolationn外推法,推断viscousa粘性的
geostaticpressure地压力elasticwave弹性波
isostaticbalance地壳均衡diffractionn衍射
Readingmaterial
TheearthandothermembersoftheSolarsystemarebelievedtohavebeenformedabout4600millionyearsagobycondensationfromaflattenedrotatingcloudofgasanddust.Thiscontractedslowly,givingrisetotheprimitiveSunatitscenter–anewstar–surroundedbyamassofcosmicgasesinwhichlocalcondensationsgeneratedtheplanets.They,andotherbodiessuchastheasteroidsandmeteorites,allrevolveinthesamedirectioninorbitsaroundtheSun.thecoldprimitiveEarthbecamegraduallyheatedasitsinteriorwascompressedbytheincreasingweightofaccumulatedmatterandbythedecayofnaturalradioactivematerials.Heatwasproducedmorequicklythanitcouldescapefromthecompressedmass,resultinginthemeltingofsomeconstituentsandheaviermatterbeingdrawnbygravitytowardstheEarth’scenter.Theplanetthusgraduallyacquiredacore,surroundedbyamantleoflessdensematerial,andanoutercrust.
SupplementaryExercises
Partone:
AnswerfollowingquestionsinEnglish
1.Whatisthedifferencebetweentheearth’scrustanditslithosphere?
2.Theearth’sradiusis6.4108cmanditsmassis6.01027g.calculatetheaveragedensityoftheearthasawholeandcompareitwiththeaveragedensityofcrustalrocks,2.7g/cm3.Whatdoesthiscomparisonindicateaboutthecompositionoftheearth’sinterior?
Parttwo:
TranslationsbetweenEnglishandChinese:
1.TheEarthconsistsofatwo-partcore,amantleofsolidrock,andanoutermostthin,rockycrust.Thecrustandtheouterpartofthemantlecomposethelithosphere,whichincludesalltherockymaterialoftheEarth’soutershell,extendingfromthesurfacetoadepthofabout100kilometers.
2.对于人类来说,地球是我们的大家园,地球给我们提供了生活所必需的丰富的物质资源和优美的生活环境,我们应该注意合理地使用这些矿产资源和保护生活环境。
UnitTwo:
TheAtmosphere环
Composition
Theearth’satmosphereconsistschieflyofnitrogen(78%byvolume)andoxygen(21%).Theremainderislargelyargon(0.9%)andcarbondioxide(0.03%),plustracesofanumberofothergases.Watervaporispresentaswellbuttoavariableextent,rangingfromnearly0to4%.Theloweratmospherealsocontainsaconsiderablequantityofsmallofsolidparticlesofdifferentkinds(suchassoot,bitsofrockandsoil,saltgrainsfromtheevaporationofseawater,andspores,pollen,andbacteria);theseparticlesprovidenucleiforthecondensationofatmosphericwatervaportoformclouds,fog,rain,andsnow.
Nitrogen,oxygenandcarbondioxideareimportantbiologically.Nitrogenisakeyingredientoftheaminoacidsofwhichallproteinsconsistsandcertainbacteriaareabletoconvertatmosphericnitrogenintonitrogencompoundswhichplantscanutilizeinmanufacturingaminoacids.PlantsalsoconvertwaterandatmosphericCO2intocarbohydratesandoxygeninphotosynthesis;animalsobtainthecarbohydratesandaminoacidstheyneedbyeatingplants.PlantsandanimalsbothderiveenergybyusingatmosphericoxygentoconvertcarbonintheirfoodstoCO2.
HighintheatmospheresolarX-andultravioletradiationsplitN2and02moleculesintoatomsandintoionsandelectrons.Oneresultistheformationofasmallamountofozone,03,fromreactionsbetween02moleculesand0atoms.OzoneisaveryefficientabsorberofsolarultravioletatwavelengthslongerthanthoseabsorbedbyN2and02andsopreventsthispotentiallylethalradiationfromreachingtheearth’ssurface.Theregionoftheupperatmospherethatcontainsionsandelectronsisknownastheionosphere;long-rangeradiocommunicationispossiblebecauseradiowavesarechanneledbetweenthe
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 地质 专业 英语 资料