最新《新闻英语与范文评析》笔记.docx

最新《新闻英语与范文评析》笔记.docx

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最新《新闻英语与范文评析》笔记

新闻英语与范文评析》理论题笔记

1.TheFunctionofHeadlines

A:

Fivemainfunctions.

First,aheadlinesummarizesanewsstorywiththemostimportantandattractivewords.Areaderusuallydoesn'thavetimeforeverypieceofnewsthat'sprinted.Withtheguidanceofterseheadlines,readerscanquicklyfindthepartstheywanttoread.

Second,itsparklesthewholepage.Onecanimaginehowsuffocativeanewspapercouldbeiftherewerenotasingleheadlineanddozensofnewsstoriesjustpiledup.Third,itbeautifiestheformofedition.Headlinesaregooddecorationtothepageastheyappearinvarioussizesandtypefaces.

Fourth,aheadlinesometimesisusedtoattractthereaders'

attention.

Fifth,aheadlinecanbeusedtomakesomecomment.

2.Grammaticalfeaturesofheadlines

First,thereareomissionofarticle,conjunction,pronoun,linkverbandauxiliaryverb.Itisusedtosummarizeandhighlightthecontent.Forexample,“Chinasees

housingas（an）enginetodrive（the）economy.”

Second,presenttenseisusedtoshowthingsthathappenedinthepast.

Threereasons:

First,itsavesspace.Inmostcasespasttenseislongerinspacethanthepresenttense,withan“ed”inextra.Sopresenttensecan

savesomespaceforaheadline.

Secondly,presenttenseisactive.Itputsthereaderintoactionandgiveshimafeelingofparticipation,sothatitattractsreaders'

attention.

Thirdly,apresent-tenseemphasizesthetimelinessofthenews.Itgivesthereaderasenseoffreshnessandimmediacy,althoughhemightwellunderstandthataheadinthepresenttenseintoday'snewspaper

ispresentingyesterday'snews.

More:

First,use“betodo”insteadof“willdo”topresentthefuturetense,and“be”isoftenomittedinordertosavespace.

Second,use“bedoing”topresentthingsthatarehappening,and“be”isoftenomittedinordertosavespace.

Thirdly,sometimespresenttensecanalsopresentthingsthatarehappeningorwillhappen,forexample,”LabourplansBBCshake-up.”

Third,activevoiceismoreoftenused.Itismorecolorfulandappealing,moreforwardandpowerfulintransferringmeaningthanpassivevoice.Theword”be”or“by”areoftenomittedonlyusepast

participletoexpresspassivity.Fourth,punctuationsareusedsometimesinheadlines.Englishheadlinesareknownforitstersestructure,andpunctuationsareusedinmuchrarercasesthaninthetext.Punctuationsonlyappearintheheadfortworeasons.First,theyareusedtosave

space.Forexample,commaisusedtosubstitute“and”onlytosave

space.Secondly,theyareusedtoshowtherelationbetweentwogroupsofwords.Forexample,adashisusedtoconnectaquotationanditsattribution.3.Whysometimesinheadlines,“and”,“the”or“to

be”arenotomitted?

A:

Theyarenottobeomittedintwooccasions.One,whentheyare

insetphrases,

suchasintheheadline,“TBontheriseagain”.Two,whenthey

canfillupthe

spaceholeinaheadline.Forexample,“Fourkilledandfivehurt

inahousefire.”

4.Thelanguagefeatureofheadlines

A:

Aheadlineisaimingatsummarizingawholearticlewithafew

words.Sojournalistsmakegreateffortinchoosingtherightwordswhichareclearinmeaningandeconomyinspace.

Therearesomepreferenceforjournalistsandeditors

First,theyuseabundantofsimplewords.Someareteenytinylittle

wordsthatlivelyexpresssomemeaning.“Hit”or“ruin”areoften

usedinsteadof“damage”

Second,initialsareoftenusedtosavespace,like“WTO”or

“ABM”

Thirdly,Abbreviationsareused,whichcanbeeasilyrecognizedby

readers.Suchas“ad”and”biz”whichcanbeeasilyfoundintheEnglishnewspaper.

Fourthly,thereisflexibleuseofjournalisticcoinages.Tosavetimeandspace,journalistsoftencombinetwoormorewordsintoonewordinpracticeandcoinagethencomesintobeing.Theyareveryimpressiveandcatchy,someevenhavethecharacteristicoforiginality,like“newscast.”

5.Differentstylesofthetypefaces

America/Canada:

capitalizethefirstalphabetofeverynotionalword.English:

capitalizethefirstalphabetofthefirstwordinaheadline.Exceptional:

NewYorkTimes:

capitalizeeveryalphabettobeautifytheedition

6.Commonstylesforheadlines

A:

flush-lefthead,droplinehead/indentedhead,crossline/keyline,centeredhead,invertedpyramidhead,bannerhead/streamerandjumphead.

7.DifferencebetweenChineseheadlineandEnglishhead？

A:

Theyaredifferentinfourways.

First,Chineseheadlinesusuallyprovidemoreinformationthan

Englishheads.Chineseheadsareoftenmulti-deck,andEnglishheadsareoftenone-deck,thusChineseheadlinestendtofocusonthetotalityofthenews.Andifitcannotincludeallthefactsthatisneededinthehead,thesubheadcandothejob.AnotherreasonitusuallycarriesmoreinfoisthateachChinesecharactertakesupequalspace,whileEnglishwordsarenot.Asaresult,Chineseheadstendtobelikemini-storyincapsuleform,whileEnglishheadsaccentuateononeimportantfactorofthenews.Theseconddifferenceisthedifferenceintheuseofwords.

LikeinEnglishheads,it'sano-notobeginaheadwithaverb.Butin

Chineseheadlines,it'sok.Thereareabundantuseofsimplewords

whichservetosavespaceinEnglishheads,butyoucanneednottofollowthatruleforeveryChinesecharactertakesupequalspace.Foranotherexample,peopleseldomuseadjectivesoradverbsinEnglishheadsfollowingtheprincipleof“ABC”（accuracy,brevityandclarity）,

butyoucaneasilygraspapieceofChinesenewswithadjectivesoradverbsintheheadline.Thirdly,theyaredifferentintense.Englishheadsoftenusepresenttensewhichhadbeencalled“historicalpresent

tense”topresentyesterday'snews,andavoidtime-indicatingwordslike“yesterday'or“lastnight”.ButChineseheadsuse

themtoindicatethehappeningtime.

Thelastdifferenceshouldbeinthewordlayout.YoucanneverlaytheEnglishheadlinesinverticalform,butyoucancertainlydothatinChineseheads.PeopleusesinglequotationmarkinEnglishheadlinesbutdoublequotationmarkinChineseheadline.

8.Newsvaluedeterminers

A:

timelinessorfreshness;

Importance/consequence/impact/significance;

Prominence;

Proximity/locality/nearness

Unusualness/bizarreness/oddity/novelty

Humaninterest;

Conflict

9.Hardnewsandsoftnews

Hardnews（spotnews/straightnews）:

Eventsthataretimelyandarecoveredalmostautomaticallybyprintandelectronicmedia.Theyareoftenveryseriousandimportantnews.

Softnews:

Eventsthatareusuallynotconsideredimmediatelyimportantortimelytoawideaudience.

10.Genreofnewsreporting

News

Feature

Commentariesandcolumns

Interpretivereporting

Investigativereporting

Newjournalism

Skit/essay

Picturenews/photojournalism

11.Newsstructure

Invertedpyramidstyle:

itisthemostfrequentlyusedstructureinnewswriting.Inthisstructure,eventsarewrittenindescendingorderofimportance.Firstofall,aterseleadisformed.Theleadoffersthemostessentialelementstellingwho,what,when,where,whyandhowofthestory.

Advantages:

First,itisconvenientforeditorstodecidethenewsvalueandcutthenewsfromthebottom;Second,itisconvenientfor

journaliststomeetthedeadlinewithoutmissinganykeyfacts;Third,itcanhelpreaderstofindthemainfactsofthenewsquickly.

Disadvantages:

First,themainfactsallfrequentlyappearintheheadline,leadandbody,whichwouldbesuffocativetomostreaders;Second,thewritingisnottightlyorganizedandfullydeployed,what's

more,thestyleistopheavyandlackofsuspenseinterest.

Pyramidstyle/thechronologicalstyle

Itiscomposedbythreeparts,theyarebeginning,bodyandending.Towriteapieceofnewsinpyramidstyle,abeginningisgivenfirstandeventsarewrittenin

timesequence.Writerscantakeadvantageofnarrativeanddescriptivewriting,soitflowsbetterandinvolvesreaders.Atthemeantime,itaddssuspenseinteresttothestory.

Mixedformofinventedpyramidandpyramidstyle（Circlestyle）

Afteralead,eventsarewrittenintimesequence.Ithastheadvantagesofpyramidstyleandimportantfactscanbepresentedhighinthestory.Themostimportantinformationisrepeatedinthenarrative,sothatreaderscanhaveachancetoabsorbit.Itismoreeffectivestorytellingandcankeepreadersinteresteduntiltheendthenleadsuptoarealconclusion.Comparingwiththeotherstyles,thisformismorebalanced.Butitdiscourageseditorsslashthestoryfromthebottom.Listtechnique

WallStreetjournalformula:

Ittendstofocusonindividual.

12.Formsofreporting

Singleeventcoverage/brief

Roundups:

ittendstofocusonthetotalityandintegrity.Therearetwotypesofthiskind:

horizontalroundupsandverticalroundups.

Follow-ups/follow-upstories（secondcyclestories/developmentstories）Advantages:

First,itattractsreaders'attentionby

accentuatingononeimportantfactofthenews;Second,ittendstofullydeploythenewsfromdifferentaspects,whichcanwellmakeupforthecontradictionintermsoffreshnessandintegrity;Third,ithelpstoformthepublicopinion.

Content:

Factsthatarenotmentionedinpreviousstoriesorsomebackgroundof

events.

Thedevelopmentsoftheevents;

Differentopinionsfrompeopleofallwalksoflife;

Thepredictionoftheevents;

Importantfactsthatpreviouslyreported.

In-depthreports:

IncludinginvestigativereportingandinterpretivereportingemphasizeonWHY.

13.Featuresofleads

A:

Succinct.Asummaryleadshouldoutlineanewsstoryinnomorethan35wordsInformative.Asummaryleadshouldcontainthe5Wsofnews.

Intriguing.Leadsaresometimescalled“grabbers”,whichmeansit