高中英语语法总述.docx
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高中英语语法总述.docx
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高中英语语法总述
语法总述
∙语法
词法:
十大词性、构词法则、词类间修饰关系
句法:
句子成分、句子结构、句子种类、主谓一致
特殊结构、直接间接引语
∙词法
构词法:
转化法、合成法、派生法、混合法、截短法、缩略法
1.转化法(一词多性)
Davidwantedtochangethecontentofthenewspaper.
She’snotcontentwiththeseexplanations.
Heranswerseemedtocontenthim.
1.派生法:
前缀+词根+后缀
前缀(改变词性,改变词义)
Dis-disappear/discontent/disagree/disabled/dislike
disappoint/disapprove/disadvantage/disorder
In-incompatible/inability/incompetent/incurious
incorrect/independent/ineffective/inconvenient
il-illegal/illiterate
im-impossible/imbalance/immature
impolite/impractical
ir-irresponsible/irregular
Mis-mistake/misfortune/misunderstand/mislead
ill-ill-tempered/ill-mannered
Un-unsafe/untidy/uncertain/unreliable
Non-non-profit/non-violent/non-cooperation
有一定意义的前缀
En-endanger/envision/encourage/enforce/enrich
Be-befriend/belittle/behead/bewitch
Heiscompletelybewitchedbyherbeauty.
Em-embark/embed/embody
1.beautifuladventuretheyareabouttoembarkupontogethervi.开始从事
2.Thisagreementwillbeembeddedinastatetreaty.写入
3.Hatredoftheotherisdeeplyembeddedinoursociety.根深蒂固
4.Anyincomespolicymustembodytheattributesoffairnessandflexibility.体现
Out-outnumber/outwitv.以智取胜,数量多于
e.g.Somehowhealwaysmanagestooutwit/outsmarthisopponents.
Anti-anti-fascist/anti-war/antibiotic反抗,抵抗
Arch-archbishop/arch-enemy/arch-rivaladj.主要的n.弓形
Counter-counter-measure/counter-attack
counter-revolutionadj.相反的
Mal-maladministration/malnourished/malfunction
Over-over-confident/overweight/oversee/overcome
Trans-transplant/transform
Under-under-financed/undersecretary/undertake
Contra-contrary/contradiction反对
Homo-homogeneous/homo-sexual人、人属
Hyper-hyperactive/hyper-modern/hyper-alertadj.亢奋的
Mono-monologue/monosyllable单声调的
Multi-multinational/multipurpose多种
Ultra-ultrasonic/ultra-wealthyadj.极富有的
n.后缀(表示人物的后缀)
-erBanker/Lawyer/Fighter/Speaker
-oractor/sailor/inventor/sensor
-isttourist/artist/novelist/activist
-antassistant/servant/accountant
-eeemployee/refugee/trustee/interviewee
-ian/-anhistorian/musician/magician
n.后缀表示物
-ioncollection/pollution/discussion/education/communication
-mentdevelopment/treatment/arrangement/excitement
-nesscarefulness/laziness/happiness/illness/business/friendliness
-enceconfidence/excellence/dependence/difference
-anceimportance/performance
-shipfriendship/leadership/hardship
scholarship/entrenership/companionship
-urefailure/mixture/literature/adventure/gesture
-tydifficulty/safety/personality/hospitality/hostility
-domfreedom/boredom/wisdom/kingdom
-ismcapitalism/socialism/idealism/materialism/realism
-erybravery/robbery/bakery
Adj.后缀
-fulbeautiful/skillful/successful/useful/meaningful
-lessharmless/painless/homeless/spotless/lifeless/limitless
-lyfriendly/lovely/lonely/manly
-ouscourageous/dangerous/famous/adventurous
-able/ilbesuitable/reliable/comfortable/approachable
V.后缀
-enbroaden/quicken/strengthen
-izesymbolize/modernize/realize
-ifybeautify/purify/classify
-ateactivate/originate/motivate
Adv.后缀
-lyreally/simply/eventually
-wardsforwards/towards/homewards
-wiseotherwise/likewise
一、单词变变变
Visit/Visitor
Vision/televisionn.
1.good/perfectvision
2.Hehadavisionofaworldwheretherewouldbenowars
3.aleaderofvision
4.Shewasavisioninwhitelace.是城市的一道靓丽风景线
Envisionv.展望
Theyenvisionanequalsociety,freeofpovertyanddisease
Visional/visionaryadj.
Visionalgoal不切实际的目标
visionaryandrationalist远见又理性
visionaryleadership前瞻性领导
visible/invisible
Moststarsarevisibletothenakedeye.
Shefeltinvisibleinthecrowd.
二、press
Impress/impression/impressive
Pressthebutton/pressure
Pressconference
Depresse.g.therainydaysdepressme./GreatDepression
Repress
e.g.Bypushingasideunpleasantthoughts,theymerelyrepressthesethoughts/represstheanger压抑,忍住
Suppress
e.g.Hewaspreparedtosuppressrebellionbyshootingdownprotesters.当权者运用强力、迅速有力制止某事
Oppress
e.g.oppressreligiousminorities镇压少数宗教信徒。
∙十大词性及词性间修饰关系
N.[C]、[U]、[U,C]
Pron.主、宾、物主代词,不定代词
Num.基数or序数
Art.The/a/an/零冠词
类指the+poor/old/homeless/powerless
V.主动词、助动词、非谓语动词、动态静态动词
Adj.N.比较级、最高级、表语形容词/定语形容词
link.v+表形定形+n.
人主satisfied物主satisfying
excitedinteresting
interestedexciting
alone/lonelylonely
aliveliving
Adv.V./adj./prep./conj./adv.
Prep.后有宾语(n./pron./v+ing/从句)
vi.不及物动词+prep.+宾语
Conj.并列连词and,but,or,so,for/从属连词
Int.Oh/er/well
∙句法
句子成分从句类型词性
主语YN./PRON./V+ING
谓语NV
表语YN./ADJ.
宾语YN./PRON.
定语YADJ.
状语YADV./PREP+宾语
补语Nadj./adv.
五、句子结构
Subject主Verb动词P表语Object宾语
Oiindirectobject间接宾语Oddirectobject直接宾语
∙简单句五大基本结构谓语动词=1
主谓表宾宾补
SVTheboysmiled(vi.)
SVPIamastudent
SVOIlove(vt.)myschool
SVOiOdShelendsme/abook
SVOCoThestudentpaintedtheroomblue
2.并列句谓语动词>=2
And/but/or/so/for并列连词
eitheror/neither...nor
notonly.....butalso/not.....but
3.复合句谓语动词>=2
从属连词conj.because/since
连接代词pron.who/What/which/That
连接副词adv.when/where/why/how
inwhich/atwhichfor+which
NooneknowswhenhewenttoAustralia.
Asitisdarkoutside,theyareafraidofgoingout.
六、句子种类
陈述句Shedoesn’tlikeplayingfootball.
Helikesplayingcomputergames
疑问句Doyouhaveanyquestion?
Whatquestionsdoyouhave?
Whichdoyouprefer,teaorcoffee?
Youlikepetdog,don’tyou?
祈使句Sitdown,please.
感叹句Whatabeautifulcityitis!
七、主谓一致
主语+谓语
人称、数形式上一致
∙语法一致
Everyonelikestoplaywithhim.
Allhismoneyiswasted.
∙意义一致
Thepolicearesearchingfortherobber.
Threeweeksseemstobealongtimetome.
∙就近原则
Eithertheteacherorthestudentsagreewithhim
7、直接间接引语
直:
Hesaid,“Ifinishedmyjobattenlastnight.”
间:
Hesaidthathehadfinishedhisjobattenthenightbefore.
直:
Janesaid,“Mr.SmithleftforAmericayesterday.”
间:
_______________________________
间:
Shesaidthatshewouldcallmethenextday.
第二章pron.
一、人称代词
∙pron.的指代
Iraiseadogandacat.Theyarelovely.
Motherboughtmeanewdress.Ilikeitverymuch.
三、主格or宾格:
1.ItisIwhosavedyourlife.
2.ItisherthatIsawyesterdayinthestreet.
3.Ayoungmanstoodbesideher.(N./PRON./VING/CLAUSE)
4.Letushaveapicnic.Vi+prep.+object
5.Hersisterisnotsoprettyasshe.
6.Itrustyouasmuchasher.
主宾互换:
Ipassedtheexam.Metoo!
Whohastoldalie?
Notme.
Nobodybutshecansolveourproblem.
Nobodycansolveourproblembuther.
Hello,I’dliketospeakwithJim.——Thisishe.
四、物主代词
adj.物主代词+n.=名词性代词
n.物主代词的几点用法
MayIuseyourpen?
Yoursworksbetter.
Mybikeisbroken.Youcanhis.
Ilovemymotherlandasmuchasyouloveyours.
猜猜他们的句子成分?
afriendofmine=oneofmyfriends
五、反身代词
单数
IIIIII
单数myselfyourselfhimself/herself/itself
复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves
判断反身代词句子成分:
1.Hethinkstoomuchofhimself.自负甚高
2.Theyhelpedthemselves.独立自主
3.Imyselfdidnottakeanyadvice.
4.Hedoesn’tfeelhimselftoday.他身体不舒服
宾语同位表语主语
反身代词YYYN
∙人称代词的排序
You,MikeandIwillgototheteacher’sofficetogether.
We,youandtheyarestudentsfromthesameschool.
I,heandyouaretoblamefortheaccident.
人称代词排序有何规律呢?
∙指示代词
Lookatthegirlinreddress.
—Isthatyourclassmatestandingoverthere?
1.Iwanttotellyouthis:
heistellingthetruth.
2.WeknowofnootherplanetwithanatmospherelikethatoftheEarth.
八、疑问代词
主宾表定
WhoYYY
WhomY
WhoseYYYY
WhichYYY
WhatYYYY
1.Whosebagisit?
]
2.Whichnewspaperdoyouread,ChinaDailyorNYT?
3.Whatnewspaperdoyouread?
∙不定代词
肯定否定
Something/everythinganything/nothing
Somebody/everybodynobody/nothing
both......and/either=2......orneither=2.....nor
all/afew≥3none,few,
each/alittlelittle
例外:
Ifyouhaveanygoodideas,justletusknow.肯定句
指代人强调人人都到了
Everyoneofushasabook./Everyoneishere.
Everyoneofherbookshasbeenasuccess.
指代物
Every(整体)goodteacherstudieshissubjectcarefully.
Each(个体)goodteacherstudieshissubjectcarefully.
判断下列说法的正误:
Eachofthemwaswell-dressed.T
AllofuslikePeter.T
Almosteverygirllikestheactor.T
Everyofusliketravellingaround.F
Almosteachwantstoberich.F
NoteveryonewanttoberichandfamousT
Noteachcanbealeader.F
从词性角度分析almost/not与every/each搭配?
Noone指人———回答who
Noneof+人和物——————回答howmany
例题:
OfallthemoviesHepburnmade______ismorememorablethanBreakfastaTiffany’s.
AfewBlittleCnooneDnone
Another>=3another+sth./anotherof/one.....another
Other>=3other+sth.
Some....others另一些人/some....theothers
Someareplayingbasketball,othersareskippingrope.
One.....theother....两者中的另一个
Therearetwoboxesonthedesk.Oneisred,theotherisblack.
Some.....others......theothers一些,一些,另外一些
例题:
1.Ihavetwochildren,and_____ofthemareworkinginthewestofChina.
AallBbothCneitherDeither
2.Whichwouldyouliketodrinkcoffeeororangejuice?
_______.Pleasegivemeacupoftea.
ANeitherBBothCAllDNone
3.Hesaysonethingbutdoes_________.(other/another)
4.Idon’tlikethisjacket.Canyoushowme__________thesametype.(another/anotherof)
5.Heismuchcleverthan_______studentsintheclass.(other/theother)
6._____studentsareplayingta
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