中国建筑和风水英文.docx
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中国建筑和风水英文.docx
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中国建筑和风水英文
Forwelloveracentury,Chinesefengshui--or"geomancy"--hasinterestedWesternlaymenandscholars.Today,hundredsofpopularmanualsclaimtouseitsprinciplesintheiradviceonhowpeoplecanincreasetheirwealth,happiness,longevity.Chinesestructureisbasedontheprincipleofbalanceandsymmetry.Anditslocationandlayoutallduestofengshui.
FengmeanswindandShuimeanswater.FengshuiisaChinesetraditionaldisciplinewhichstudiesthewayinwhichhumanbeingsco-existinharmonywithnature.Inancienttimes,ourChineseancestorswereawareoftheexistenceofQiinnature,thenaturalrulesdiscernedbythemduringtheirlonglabors.Tobespecific,Qiisseenasamysticaldrivegreatlyinfluencingpeople'sdailylife.Atfirst,theyusedtherulesofQisimplytochoosethelocationsoftheirhousesandgraves.Byfollowingtheserules,theybelievedwell-beingwouldknockatthedoor,otherwisebadluckwouldbefall.
TherearethreeprinciplesofFengshui:
Theunityofhumanbeingswithnature,thebalanceofYinandYang,andtheattractionandrepulsionoffiveelements-metal,wood,water,fireandearth.Theseprinciplesaresetuptohelppeoplepursuegoodfortuneandavoiddisaster,thusimprovingtheirlivingstandard.
Fengshuigivespeoplemanysuggestionsonhowandwheretobuildhouses.Forexample,housesshouldhavetheirbackstothenorthandfrontstothesouth.Becausewhentheyfacesouth,housescaneasilyabsorbsunshineandavoidcoldnorthwindsinwinter.Thisisabenefittopeople'shealth.Sothistraditionhascomedowntothepresent,especiallyinruralareas.Also,thesizeofahousemustbemoderate,neithertoobignortoosmall.Asmallhousewithtoomanypeoplelivinginitisnotrecommended;neitherisalargehousewithafewpeople.ThisisinaccordwiththedoctrineoftheMean.
Fengshuihasstrictrequirementsontheproperpositioningofthecentralaxisinbuildingcities.Generallyspeaking,thecentralaxisshouldrunfromnorthtosouth,withitsnorthendpointingdirectlytoamountainrunningfromeasttowest.Themountainisregardedastheguardianofthecity.Awindingriveraroundthecityisbelievedtobeanauspiciousfeature.TheForbiddenCitywasbuiltstrictlyabidingbytheserules.
Nowadays,Fengshuistillplaysanimportantroleinpeople'slives.Toimprovetheirqualityoflife,manypeopledecoratetheirhousesaccordingtoFengshuirules.Forexample,bedsshouldn'tbeputtooclosetowindowsbecausebeamsoflightwoulddirectlyaffectthequalityofsleep.Mirrorsshouldnotbehungonwallsoppositebedsincaseyoumaybescaredbyreflectionsatnight.Andbedsshouldnotbeputdirectlyoppositedoors,otherwiseyoumayfeelunsafe.
FengshuiisagreattreasureofChinesetraditionalculture.ItembodiesasimplerecognitionofnaturebyourChineseancestors.Thoughtherearemanypeoplewhobelieveit'sakindofsuperstition,itswisdomcanbemadeuseoftoenhanceourlives.
ThebasicfeatureofChinesearchitectureisrectangular-shapedunitsofspacejoinedtogetherintoawhole.TheChinesestylebycontrastcombinesrectangularshapesvaryinginsizeandpositionaccordingtoimportanceintoanorganicwholewitheachlevelandcomponentclearlydistinguished.Traditionalbuildingsaresitedinordertobeinharmonywithnatureandtoreceiveqifromauspicious.FengshuiinChinesearchitecturerepresentsawillingofancientChinesetheyprayforfortuneandpeace,andtheybelievethroughthisway,theycangetwhattheywant.Maybewiththedevelopingoffengshui,moreandmoreparlancewerecreated,Taoistspracticefengshuiaccordingmoretools,buthowmysterioustheyare,fengshuijustawayforpeopletoprayforlucky.
ThebasicfeatureofChinesearchitectureisrectangular-shapedunitsofspacejoinedtogetherintoawhole.TheChinesestylebycontrastcombinesrectangularshapesvaryinginsizeandpositionaccordingtoimportanceintoanorganicwholewitheachlevelandcomponentclearlydistinguished.AsaresulttraditionalChinesestylebuildingshaveanimposingyetdynamicandintriguingexterior.ThecombinationofunitsofspaceintraditionalChinesearchitectureabidesbytheprinciplesofbalanceandsymmetry.Themainstructureistheaxisandthesecondarystructuresarepositionedastwowingsoneithersidetoformthemainroomsandyard.Residencesofficialbuildingstemplesandpalacesallfollowthesesamebasicprinciples.HomeoftheEmperortheForbiddenCityalsoknownasPalaceMuseumwasconstructedinaccordancewiththelawsofgeomancyorfengshui.Everyelementwastakenintoconsiderationthemostessentialbeingtheconstructionofthepalacealonganorth-southaxis.Emphasisisalsofocusedontheconstructionofaheavyplatformandalargeroofthatfloatsoverthisbase.MostofChineseancientroyalbuildingsstandonmarbleterrace.Thewhitemarbleterracesnotonlysupportandmagnifythesinglebuildingonitbutalsoprotectthewoodstructurefromdampness.Italsoreflectsthehigherrankofthebuilding.TakeHallofSupremeHarmonyforexample.Thebuildingisraisedonatriplemarbleterrace8m26fthighenclosedbymarblebalustradeswhilstthosearoundthesamecourtyardwerekeptlowersoastodisplaythemagnificenceofthehall.Chinesearchitecturestressesthevisualimpactofthewidthofthebuildings.ThiscontrastsWesternarchitecturewhichtendstogrowinheightanddepth.ThehallsandpalacesintheForbiddenCityforexamplehaveratherlowceilingswhencomparedtoequivalentstatelybuildingsintheWestbuttheirexternalappearancessuggesttheall-embracingnatureofimperialChina.Anotherimportantfeatureisitsemphasisonsymmetrywhichconnotesasenseofgrandeur.ThethreemainhallsHallofSupremeHarmonyHallofCentralHarmonyHallofPreservingHarmonyinoutercourtareconstructedalongtheaxisflankedbyWenhuaLiteraryBrillianceandWuyingMilitaryValorhalls.SoareanotherthreemainhallsHallofHeavenlyPurityHallofCelestialandTerrestrialUnionandHallofTerrestrialTranquilityinInnerCourtwhichiscomplementedbysixcourtyardsintheeastandanothersixinthewest.Thebuildingsfacesouthbecausethenorthtendstobeattackedbycoldwind.TheimportanceoftheEastthedirectionoftherisingsuninorientationisaformofsolarworshipfoundinmanyancientcultureswherethenotionofRulerisassociatedwiththeSun.Numerologyplaysasignificantpartinthepalacesarchitecture.TheForbiddenCityiscomprisedof9999rooms-justshortofthemythical10000roomsinheaven.Oddnumbersareoftenconnectedwithmasculinityandevenonesfemininityconsequentlythenumberninethequotultimatemasculinequotnumberstandsforsupremeimperialpower.AcaseinpointinpointisTaiheHallHallofSupremeHarmony.Itrestsonathree-tieredterraceofwhitemarble.Itis11bayswidefivebaysdeepand35metershighcovering2377squaremeters.ItisthetalleststructureintheForbiddenCityandlargestwoodenarchitectureinChina.Likewisethetowersguardingthefourcornersofthepalaceeachhaveninebeamsandeighteencolumns.OnlythegatesusedbytheEmperorcanhavefivearcheswiththecentreoneofcoursebeingreservedfortheEmperorhimself.Forthisreasonthenumberquotninequotoritsmultiplesisoftenemployedinpalacestructuresanddesigns.Anoticeableexampleisthenumberofstudsonpalacegates.Thestudsareusuallyarrangedinninerowsofnineeachtotallingeighty-one.ThisiseventrueofthemarblegatesofthequotundergroundpalacequotoftheDinglingMausoleuminBeijing:
81or9X9studscarvedoutofthestone.IfvisitorgoestotheTempleofGuanYuinLuoyanghewillalsofindontheredgateninerowsofninewoodenstudseach.AncientpalacesgenerallyconsistofninecourtyardsorquadrangleswhicharethesameasTempleofConfuciusinQufu.ShandongProvince-amagnificentarchitecturalcomplexworthyofanimperialhouseholdandtestifyingtotheimportanceattachedtothegreatsagebythecourtsofvariousdynasties.Thereisaseventeen-archedbridgeintheSummerPalaceofBeijing.Thistoohasmuchtodowithquotninequot.Countthearchesfromeitherendandyouwillfindthatthelargestspaninthemiddleistheninth.AnextremeexampleofthequotgameofninequotisperhapstheCircularMoundAltarHuanqintanintheTempleofHeaven.SitefortheMingandQingemperorstoworshipHeaventhealtarisarrangedinthreetiers.Theupperterraceismadeupofnineringsofslabs.Thefirstringortheinnermostcircleconsistsofninefan-shapedslabsthesecondring182X9slabsthethird273X9...untilthelastorninthringwhichismadeupof81or9X9slabs.Thenumberquotninequotisnotonlyusedonbuildings.TheNewYeardinnerfortheimperialhousewascomposedof99dishes.Tocelebratethebirthdayofanemperorthestageperformancesmustcompriseof99numbersasasignofgoodluckandlongevity.AfurtherelementdifferentiatingpalacearchitecturefromothertraditionalChineseformsincludesthespecificdesignationofcoloredglazedtiles.WhilethesewereappliedtotheroofsofmanyaristocratichomestheuseofyellowtileswasexclusivelyreservedforImperialpalacesmausoleumsgardensandtemples.TheassociationofthecoloryellowwiththeEmperororiginatedwiththeideathatthegreatYellowRiverwasthecradleofChinesecivilization.AsaresultyellowalsorepresentstheconceptofearthintheChineseoccultuniverse.Greenwasusedonpalacebuildingsreservedforcourtofficialswhileredsignifyinghappinessandsolemnitywasgenerallyusedondoors.OnedifferencebetweenpalacearchitectureandothertraditionalChinesebuildin
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