蓝牙中英文翻译.docx
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蓝牙中英文翻译.docx
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蓝牙中英文翻译
Bluetooth
Introduction
Bluetooth is a forever, limited radio connect that resides on a microchip. It was originally expanded through Swedish mobile phone creator Ericsson in 1994 as a method to let laptop computers make calls above a mobile phone. As then, numerous organizations have signed on to create Bluetooth thelow-powerthoughtlesswirelessaverageforabroadvarietyofdevices (LeVitus, 216-220).IndustryspectatorsanticipateBluetoothtobe fitted in billions of devices through 2005.
Discussion
Developed by engineers at Ericsson in the late 1990s, Bluetooth is more and more special technology that facilitates thoughtless wireless communication among a diversity of electronic devices. Its mainly important aspect is that it permitsdevices to “talk” (relocate and orchestrate data) wirelessly with each other, terminating the requirement for the outwardly continuous tangle of cables, cords, and adapters important for numerous today’s expertise.
The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was formed in 1998 to manage the expansion and prologue of Bluetooth knowledge (LeVitus,216-220).IBM,Intel,ToshibaandNokiaconnectedwithEricsson as the beginning associates of the SIG, and in excess of 8,000 organizations have contracted since. So astotradeproducts with the Bluetooth requirementand logo,manufacturersshould be associates of the SIG and the devicesshouldmeet well-outlinedcredentials.Theseproceduresmakesure that Bluetooth wireless devices international may converse with each other, apart from company or nation of derivation.
Speed and Range
Range is application specific and although a minimum range is mandated by the Core Specification, there is not a limit and manufacturers can tune their implementation to support the use case they are enabling.
Range may vary depending on class of radio used in an implementation:
·Class 3 radios-have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet
·Class 2 radios-mostcommonlyfoundinmobiledevices,havearangeof10meters or 33 feet.
·Class1radios-usedprimarilyinindustrialusecases,havearangeof 100 meters or 300 feet.
That creates Bluetooth technology appropriate for transporting lesser files for examplecellphonecontractsandtextdocuments,also as lower-quality pictures and audio (Kumkum, 160-162).At these relocate speeds; Bluetooth may not actually deal streaming video or high-qualitypicturesandaudioatthisend,except this possibly will alter in the future when fresh Bluetooth standards are initiated.
Simple and Competent to Utilize
Creating and configuring Bluetooth allowed devices is moderately uncomplicated, with little extra commotion than acquire the two devices close to one another and twist them on.Thereis no requirement to mount driversor furthersoftwaretocomplex an ad-hoc, personal wireless network (Kumkum, 160-162).It has a uniform organization, meaning that some two wireless products attributing Bluetooth technology,despite of product or nation of origin, have the ability to converse faultlessly with each other.
Common Applications
One of the mainly ordinary applications of Bluetooth is hands-freecellphoneprocedure.Abouteachcellphonefashionedinourday has constructed Bluetooth (Meier, 15-20).Onlypairphonewith a Bluetooth headset, and he may talk whereas his phone is in his purse or pocket. Several of today’s car stereos as well have fitted Bluetooth for hands-freecallinginhisvehicle. And if his vehicle has a plant stereo or grown-upaftermarket one that he merely doesn’t wish to restore, he may yet like hands-freeidentifyingwithaBluetoothcarkit.
Bluetooth 3.0
Bluetooth 3.0 is the fresh Bluetooth wireless typical adopted through the Bluetooth SIG on April 21, 2009. The fresh standard supports elevated data remove speeds and constructs ahead the preceding standards (Meier, 15-20).Withitssuperiorspeed, the technology has the probable to transfigure the consumer electronics industry.
PROTOCOL
The Bluetooth technology standard is set to make different applications can “communicate” with each other. Remote devices in communication use the same protocol stacks, while different applications need different protocol stacks. But, every application needs the data link layer and physical layer of the Bluetooth technology.The whole Bluetooth protocol stacks is shown as blow. Not any application should use all of the protocols, but one or some lists of these. The chart below shows the relationship between protocols, but the relationship may change in some applications.
The completely protocol stacks include Bluetooth special protocols (like LMP and L2CAP) and not special ones (such as OBEX and UDP). The basic principle for designing protocol and
protocol stacks is that use existing highlevel protocol as possible, ensure the combination of protocols and Bluetooth technology, and take the best advantage of the software and hardware which adapt to the Bluetooth technology standards. The open Bluetooth technology makes device manufacturers can choose protocols freely as they like or used to.
The protocols in Bluetooth protocol system.
There are four layers in Bluetooth protocol system according to the SIG:
·Core protocols
·Cable replacement protocols
·Telephony control protocols
·Adopted protocols
Except the protocol layers above, the standard also defines Host/Controller Interface (HCI),which provides command interface for baseband controller, connection manager, hardware state and control register.
Bluetooth core protocols consist of the special protocols madeby SIG. Most Bluetooth devices need core protocols, whileother protocols are used depend on needs of the application. After all, cable replacement protocols, technology control protocols and adopted protocols based on the core protocols constitute the object-oriented protocols.
·Core protocols
·LMP(Link Management Protocol)
Usedforcontroloftheradiolinkbetweentwodevices.Implementedonthe controllers.
It identifies and encrypts through launching, exchanging and checking the connection, and decides the size of baseband data packets through conference. It also controls the power mode and work cycle of wireless equipment, and connection status of unit equipment in piconet.
·L2CAP (Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol)
This protocol is used to multiplex multiple logical connections between two devices using different higherlevelprotocols,andprovidessegmentationand reassembly of on-air packets.
In Basic mode, L2CAP provides packets with a payload configurable up to 64kB, with 672 bytes as the default MTU, and 48 bytes as the minimum mandatory supported MTU.
In Retransmission & Flow Control modes, L2CAP can be configured for reliable or isochronous data per channel by performing retransmissions and CRC checks.
Bluetooth Core Specification Addendum 1 adds two additional L2CAP modes to the core specification. These modes effectivelydeprecate original Retransmission and Flow Control modes:
·Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM):
This mode is an improved version of the original retransmission mode. This mode provides a reliable L2CAP channel.
·Streaming Mode (SM):
This is a very simple mode, with noretransmissionor flow control. This mode provides an unreliable L2CAP channel.
Reliability in any of these modes is optionally and/or additionally guaranteed by the lower layer Bluetooth BDR/EDR air interface by configuring the number of retransmissions and flush timeout (time after which the radio will flush packets). In-order sequencing is guaranteed by the lower layer.
Only L2CAP channels configured in ERTM or SM may be operated over AMP logical links.
·SDP (Service Discovery Protocol)
Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) allows a device to discoverservices supported by other devices, and their associated parameters. For example, when connecting a mobile phone to a Bluetooth headset, SDP will be used for determining which Bluetooth profiles are supported by the headset (Headset Profile,Hands Free Profile, Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)etc.) and the protocol multiplexer settings needed to connectto each of them. Each service is identified by a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID), with official services (Bluetoothprofiles) assigned a short form UUID (16 bits rather than the full 128)/vichitra
·Cablereplacement protocols(RFCOMM)
Radiofrequencycommunications(RFCOMM)isa cable replacementprotocol used to create a virtual serial data stream. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and emulates EIA-232(formerly RS-232) control signals overthe Bluetoothbasebandlayer.
RFCOMM provides a simple reliable data stream to the user, similar to TCP. It is used directly by many telephony related profiles as a carrier for AT commands, as well as beinga transport layer for OBEX over Bluetooth.
·Telephony control protocols (TCP).
Telephony control protocol-binary (TCS BIN) is the bit-orientedprotocol that defines the callcontrol signaling forthe establishment of voice and data calls between Bluetooth devices. Additionally, “TCS BIN defines mobility management procedures for handling groups of Bluetooth TCS devices.”
TCS-BIN is only used by the cordlesstelephony profile,whichfailedto attract implementers. Assuch it isonly ofhistoricalinterest.
Adopted protocols
Adopted protocols are defined by other standards-makingorganizationsand incorporated into Bluetooth’s protocolstack,allowing Bluetooth to create protocols only when necessary. The adopted protocols include:
·Point-to-PointProtocol(PPP):
Internet standardprotocolfortransporting IP datagrams over a point-to-point link.
·TCP/IP/UDP:
For communicating with the device connected to Internet.
·Object Exchange Protocol (OBEX):
Session-layer protocolfortheexchange of objects, providing a modelfor object andoperationrepresentation. It uses the cli
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