传统饮食文化外文文献翻译.docx
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传统饮食文化外文文献翻译.docx
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传统饮食文化外文文献翻译
传统饮食文化外文文献翻译
英文
MemoriesoftraditionalfoodcultureinthekampongsettinginSingapore
IainBrownlee
Abstract
Background
Singaporeisametropolitancitystatethathasrapidlytransitionedfromresidentslivingintraditionalmulticulturalvillagesknownaskampongstooneofthemostpopulation-denseandtechnologicallyadvancedcountriesintheworld.Thisstudyaimedtoexploretheframeworkoftraditional foodculture,beliefsandpracticeinSingaporeanswhogrewupinkampongsviaquestionnaire-basedinterviews.
Methods
Aconveniencesampleofparticipants(n = 34)wererecruitedthroughword-of-mouthandinterviewedbothfacetoface(n = 29)andbytelephone(n = 5).InterviewswereconductedinEnglish,Mandarin,andHokkienusingasemistructuredquestionnairethatincludedthemespreidentifiedfromanexhaustiveliteraturesearch.
Results
Aconceptualframeworkoffivemajorthemeswasnotedasaresultofrespondentinputandthepreidentifiedstructuralthemesofthequestionnaire.Thesewereself-sustenanceandfarming,foodandwatersafety,foodandbeverageretail,dietaryhabitsandculinarypractice,andacultureofsharing(or gotongroyong).Ofthesethemes,64%(n = 22)ofparticipantshadnotedcollectingormaintainingfruitandvegetablesorrearingchickens.Participants(29%,n = 10)alsonotedmemoriesoftraditionalfoodstoragetechniques,generalfeedbackwhichsuggestedrelativelylowlevelsofconcernforfoodsafety.
Conclusions
Manyofthesekampongfoodpracticesfromakampongwerefondlyrememberedbyparticipants.Considerationofpositive foodvalues fromearlylife(suchasastrongcultureofsharingandtogetherness)couldhelpinthedevelopmentofgovernmentdrivestoimprove dietaryintake orbenefitfoodsecurityforolderSingaporeans.
Keywords:
Anthropology,Foodculture,Foodsharing,Gotongroyong,Kampong,Singapore
1. Introduction
Beforethe1970s,Singapore'spopulationmainlylivedinanetworkofrusticvillages,knownas kampungs,atermsubsequentlyromanizedto“kampongs” .Duringthe1970s,thegovernmentbeganthehousingresettlementprogram andpreviouskampongdwellerswererelocatedintheHousingandDevelopmentBoard publicapartmentflats.Inmostcases,thekampongsthemselveshavebeenclearedforurbanredevelopment.ArecentprojectbytheNationalUniversityofSingaporehasdevelopedaninteractivemapofaround220previouskampongdwellingsinandaroundthemainislandofSingapore.
SettlementshavebeendescribedinSingaporesincethe14thcentury .KampongnumbersgrewrapidlyfollowinganinfluxofimmigrationfromnearbyIndonesianIslandsandPeninsularMalayaandfurtherafieldintheearly19thcenturyfollowingBritishcolonizationandtheexpansionofSingapore'simportanceasahubofinternationaltrade.Mostoftheearlykampongswerefishingvillagesandsettlesalongthecoastandrivers.Kampongsalsodevelopedinland,andthesewereinvolvedinthecultivationofcoconutsandfruits.Thesettlementsweregenerallyfoundintheruralareasaroundtheeasterncoastandtheinterioroftheisland,witharelativelysmallnumbertothenorthoftheSingaporeriver.Morerecently,theterm“kampongspirit”hasbeenusedtodescribeamorerelaxedandcommunitarianwayoflifeandwasafactorsuggestedtobelimitedinmodern-daySingapore.
ThemulticulturalandinclusivenatureofkampongsislikelytohavehelpedtoshapeSingapore'sunique foodculture,whichisrepresentedbymodern-dayhawkerstalls,coffeeshops(“kopitiams”),andfoodcourts.Theseoutletshavemultiplekitchenspreparingavarietyofmultiethnicfoodsandsharedseatingareaswherepeopleofdifferentsocialandethnicbackgroundscongregate.ThemostrecentNationalNutritionSurveyhighlightedthatout-of-homedininginhawkercenters,coffeeshop/stalls,andfoodcourtsiscommonamong Singaporeanadults. Fig.highlightsthepositionofsomeofthekampongsfoundinSingaporeduringtheearlyyearsofindependence.
Alongsideabackgroundofnationalinterestinthekampongspirit,thisstudyaimedtouncoverthekeythemesinkampongfoodculture,asevaluatedthroughin-depth,interviewswithmiddle-agedSingaporeanswhopreviouslyresidedinkampongs.
2. Methods
FollowingtheethicalapprovalfromNewcastleUniversityFacultyofScience,AgricultureandEngineeringEthicsCommittee,aseriesofinterviewswerecarriedout.Owingtotheexploratorynatureoftheproject,asemistructuredqualitativeinterviewwasconductedusingthemespreidentifiedintheliteraturereview.Thisapproachallowedflexibilityfortheresearchertoprobeforinformationappropriatelyandparticipantstoexpresstheirperspectivesmorefreely.
Interviewparticipants(n = 29)wererecruitedthroughconveniencesamplingandsnowballsamplingbyword-of-mouth.Interviewsweremainlycompletedface-to-face,althoughfiveparticipantswereinterviewedbytelephone.FieldworkwasconductedinEnglish,MandarinChinese,andHokkiendialectbetweenOctober2016andJanuary2017.Informationprovidedbyspecificparticipantsispresentedbelowusingparticipant'sIDnumber,theiragerange(tohelpensureanonymity),ethnicity,andsex.Unlessotherwisestated,interviewswerecarriedoutface-to-faceinEnglish.Theparticipantsselectedthetheme(s)aroundkampong foodculturethattheypreferreddiscussingbeforein-depthinterviewing.Photographsthatrelatedtosomekampongfoodthemes(e.g.,kitchenenvironment,streetpeddlers)wereusedasavisualcue.Fortelephoneinterviewees,theelementsweremadeknowntothemviainstantmessaging.Fieldnoteswerethentranscribedandtranslatedformostparticipantsbyasingleresearcher(DXX).Thedatawereevaluatedthroughthematicanalysisbecauseofitsapplicabilityinthisexploratorystudy.Aconceptualframeworkwasdevelopedwiththepreidentifiedthemesandthemesthatwereuncoveredduringthefieldwork.
3. Results
Fivemajorrecurrentfood-relatedthemeswereidentifiedfollowingtheevaluationofthetranscripts.Thesethemes(self-sustenanceandfarming,foodandwatersafety,foodretail,dietaryhabitandculinarypractice,andfood-sharingculture)arepresentedanddiscussedingreaterdetailinthefollowingsections.Thedemographicsoftheparticipantsarepresentedin Table.
3.1. Self-sustenanceandfarming
Approximately64%(n = 22)oftheparticipantsnotedrearingchickensinthekampong.Maintaininglivestockappearedtobeacommonpracticeamongparticipantswhohadalargeareaintheirkampongs(n = 7).Twoparticipantsrememberedbreedingservicesbeingprovided,whereanownerwouldwalkaroundwithaboartopropagatesowsforafee.Whilelivestockandvegetableswerenotedtohaverequireddailymaintenance,fruitstreesrequiredrelativelylowinput.Some,like jackfruit andstarfruit,hadtobewrappedwithplasticorsackstopreventinsecteatingthem.Oneparticipantmadethefollowingcommentinrelationtolivestockandthecommonalityofownership:
(61-to70-year-oldIndianmale):
“Thechickenswillgoeverywherecometoourplace…nosenseofdirection…justlaytheireggsanyhow…sotheywillgotoeveryhouse…ifthechickensdecidetolayeggsinyourplace,you'reahappyman…ifthechickensdoesn'tgobackandtheownernevercall…wemayslaughterthechicken[andit]become[s]ourfeast…Wedonotknowwhoitbelongsto…everyhousegotsomechicken…whenhe[thechicken]havetogooutforfood…havetorelease”.
3.2. Foodandwatersafety
Theparticipantsinterviewednotedlimitedconcernregarding foodsafetyandhygiene duringtheirtimeinthekampongs.Participantsprovidedinterestingresponsessuchas “notwashinghandsbeforemeals” and “…ifseecockroachescrawlingonthefoodmeansmustthrow;ifnocockroachesseen,weassumethefoodissafe…butwedon'tknowifthecockroacheshavealreadycrawledacrossthefood”.Limitedconcernwithregard tofoodhygienewasalsonotedwhenparticipantssharedtheirmemoriesoffoodpeddlers/itineranthawkers(seebelow).
Owninga“vegetablecabinet”wasfondlyrememberedby29%oftheparticipants(n = 10)becauserefrigeratorswereuncommon,althoughsomenotedoccasionallybuyingicetohelpkeepthingschilled.Thesebambooorwoodenvegetablecabinetsareeitherhungorfixedandincludednettingforventilationandtokeepoutpests.Oneparticipantdescribedanindigenousmethodofplacingawater-filledporcelainplateatthelegsofthecabinettocreateamoat,preventingcrawlinginsects.Anotherparticipantdescribedstoringrawandcookedfoodtogether.
Therewasamixedconsensusregardingtypesoffoodthatwerestorable,butthemajorityofparticipantscametoasimilaragreementthatfoodhastobeconsumedwithin24hoursofpreparation.Othertypesofdishes(e.g.,curries)werecitedtobereheatedmorefrequently(e.g.,intheeveningofpreparation)toreusethem/stopthemspoiling.
3.3. Foodretail
Marketsandfoodcenterswereopen-airsitesoffoodservice.Itemswereeitherlaidonthefloor orsoldoutoftricyclesorpushcartsoperatedbythevendors.Thesemarketsdidtendtoseparatefreshitems(i.e.,fishandvegetables)fromcookedfoodintoseparateaisles.describedthesceneas “similartothemarketinThailand”.Themarket alsosoldlivechickens,andthepatronscouldchoosetohavetheirchickensslaughteredbythevendorsordoitthemselvesathome(n = 4).Someparticipants(n = 5)alsomentionedthatthemarketswerelocatedadistanceawayfromthekampong,andhencetheyhadtotraveltothemarketsbywalking,cycling,orbus.
Twoparticipantsrememberedbringingalongtheirowncontainerstopurchasefood(porridgeand puluthitam)fromthevendors. Snack standsand pasarmalamswerealsooftenassociatedwith wayang show
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