热奈特叙事话语重点概念精简版.docx
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热奈特叙事话语重点概念精简版.docx
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热奈特叙事话语重点概念精简版
NarrativeDiscourse
ByGerardGenettePbedin1980
Narratologydenotesboththetheoryandthestudyofnarrativeandnarrativestructureandthewaysthattheseaffectourperception.Asamatteroffact,thiswordisananglicisationofFrenchwordnarratologie,coinedbyTzvetanTodorov(GrammaireduDécaméron,1969).Sincethe1960’s,thecontemporarynarrativetheoryhasbeenrapidlydevelopingtowardsmaturity,inwhichFrenchstructuralistcriticGerardGenetteplaysapivotalrole.Onthebasisofabsorbingtheothers’researchresults,heconstructshisownnarrativetheory,whoseoriginmainlyincludesSaussureLinguistics,Structuralism,RussianFormalism,andNewCriticism.
Russianformalistsarguethattheliterarycharacteristicisnotwhattowritebuthowtowrite.Literarynarrativemainlyincludes“sjuzhet”(plot)and“fabula”(usuallyreferstostory.Fabulaandsjuzhet(alsosyuzhet,sujet,sjužet,orsuzet)aretermsoriginatinginRussianFormalismandemployedinnarratologythatdescribenarrativeconstruction.Sjuzhetisanemploymentofnarrativeandfabulaistheorderofretellingevents.TheywerefirstusedinthissensebyVladimirProppandShklovsky.).Andtheplotdeterminesthestory.Onthebasisofthisformalistconcept,ProppplacesemphasisonformandstructureofworksinhisMorphologyoftheFolktale(1928).Butheonlytakesnoteofthesyntacticrelationshipofthesurfaceofthestory.LaterGremas,LeviStrauss,andFrenchnarratologistBremondcarryoutaseriesofcomprehensiveresearchesontherelationshipbetweenthesurfaceanddeepstructuresofthestory,andsumupawidevarietyofgrammaticalpatternsofthestory.Thoughlargeandvague,thesenarrativestructuremodelsprovideagreatreferenceforGenette.NewCriticismrepresentativesBrooksandWarrencollaborateonUnderstandingFiction(1979),putforwardthequestionof“whospeaks”,andhencedrawforththeconceptof“focusofnarration”,whichlaysasolid
foundationforGenette’s"focalization"theory.Moreover,asfarasthestudyofthenarrativeformula,itisobviousthatGenetteisinfluencedbyWayneBooth'sTheRhetoricofFiction(1983).However,intermsofthenarrativeform,BoothhasasimilarviewtoNewCritics.
Acceptingandabsorbingtheabove-mentionedscholars’advantagesandstrengths,GenettepublishedNarrativeDiscoursein1972,whichmakesMarcelProust’sInsearchofLostTimetheresearchobjectandproposeshisownuniquenarrativeoutlook.Inthebook,atfirstheindicatesthatnarrativecontainsthreedistinctnotions,namely,narrative,storyandnarrating,andfurtherdistinguishesthem.Narrativereferstonarrativediscourse,whichmeans“thenarrativestatement,theoralorwrittendiscoursethatundertakestotellofaneventoraseriesofevents”(Genette,1980:
25).Storymeansaneventoraseriesofeventstoldinnarrativediscourse,realoffictitious.Narratingistheactofsomeonerecountingsomething.Toanalyzingnarrativediscourseis,essentially,tostudytherelationshipbetweennarrativeandstory,betweennarrativeandnarrating,andbetweenstoryandnarrating.
ExcludingIntroductionandAfterword,NarrativeDiscourseisdividedintofivechapters,whichareOrder,Frequency,Duration,Mood,andVoiceinturn.Inthefivechapters,GenetteatlengthanalyzestheartistictechniquesofInsearchofLostTime,andhencesummarizesandestablishesasetofhisownnarratology.GenetteincorporatesFrenchstructuralistnarrativetheories,constructsrathercomprehensiveandsystematicnarrativetheory,andthuslaysasolidfoundationforcontemporarynarratology.ItisundertheinfluenceofhisnarrativediscoursethatmanysubsequentscholarsandexpertssuchasMiedeBal,GeraldPrince,andRimmon-Kenanfurtherexploreanddeeplydigthenarrativetheories.Thesescholarsspeakhighlyofhisnarrativediscourse,andinthemeantimeputforwardsomedoubtsandchallenges,inviewofwhichGenettealsopublishedNouveaudiscoursdurécit(newnarrativediscourse)in1983asaresponse.Inthisnewnarrativediscourse,hediscussessuchquestionsastheclassificationofperson,theapplicationofthepresenttense,theinterrelationbetween
moodandvoice,andfocalization,andconsequentlyinterpretsandperfectshisnarrativetheory.
Inshort,Genettepresentsalotofconceptswhichhasbecomethestandardtermsofclassicinthenarrativefield.Besides,thepublicationofhisNarrativeDiscoursehasarousedstrongreactionandsensationintheliterarytheorycircle.Accordingtohisnarrativetheory,manyanalyzeandinterpretthespecificworksandbeargreatfruit.
ChapterOneorder
Timeisthoughtofasauni-directionalandirreversibleflow,asortofone-waystreet,justasHeraclitussaidearlyinwesternhistory:
“Youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver,forotherwatersandyetotherwatersgoeverflowingon.”However,asfarasnarrativeactivityisconcerned,“thetimeofeventhesimpleststoryescapestheordinarynotionoftimeconceivedasaseriesofinstantssucceedingoneanotheralonganabstractlineorientedinasingledirection”(Ricoeur,1980:
169).NarrativeistheartofTIME,whichisthemainsubjectthatthemajorityofstructuralistnarratologicalworksdwellon.Innarratives,TIMEcanbedefinedastherelationsofchronologybetweenstoryandtext,possessingtheduality,namely,thetimeofthethingtoldandthetimeofthenarrative.Germantheoreticiansreferstothiskindoftemporaldualityastheoppositionbetween“erzählteZeit”(storytime)andErzählzeit(narrativetime).InLescatégoriesdurécitlittéraire,Todorovdividesthenarrativeintothreecategories:
tense,aspect,andmood.Herethetensemeanstherelationshipbetweenthestorytimeandthediscoursetime.
InNarrativeDiscourse,GenettespendsalmosthalfofthebookresearchingTIME(fromto.AccordingtoGenette,timecanbeviewedinthreerespects:
order,durationandfrequency,underwhichhesetsouttoexaminetherelationsbetweenthestorytimeandthetexttime.
DefinitionofOrder
AccordingtoGenette,to“studythetemporalorderofanarrativeistocomparetheorderinwhicheventsortemporalsectionsarearrangedinthenarrativediscoursewiththeorderofsuccessionthesesameeventsortemporalsegmentshaveinthestory”(Genette,1980:
35).Actually,theorderisintendedforexploringtherelationsbetweenthestorytimeandthe
narrativetime.InGenette’sterms,themaintypesofdiscrepancybetweenthemarecalledanachronies,whichmainlyincludethreetypes:
analepsis,prolepsis,andachrony.
Ananalepsisis“anyevocationafterthefactofaneventthattookplaceearlierthanthepointinthestorywhereweareatanygivenmoment”(Genette,1980:
40).Thatistosay,itisanarrationofstory-eventatapointinthetextafterlatereventshavebeentold.Thisnarrationgoesbacktoapastpointinthestory.Aprolepsisis“anynarrativemaneuverthatconsistsofnarratingorevokinginadvanceaneventthatwilltakeplacelater”(Genette,40).Itisanarrationofstory-eventatapointbeforeearliereventshavebeenmentioned.Thenarrationtakesanexcursionintothefutureofthestory.Inordertodeterminetheanachrony,Genetteintroducestwoconcepts:
reachandextent.Theformerreferstothetemporaldistancefarfromthe“present”moment,whenananachronyappears,whetheranalepticorproleptic.Thelattermeansthedurationofstorycoveredbytheanachrony.Ifreachandextentofan(ormainlyisolated)eventcannotbeclearlydetermined,theeventisdatelessandageless.Thiskindofanachronydeprivedoftemporalconnectioniscalledanachrony.
AccordingtoGenette,everyanachronyismadeupofanarrativethatistemporallysecond,namely,“secondnarrative”.Withrespecttotheanachrony,“thetotalityofthecontextcanbetakenasfirstnarrative”(Genette,1980:
49).Basedonthedifferencesbetweenananalepsisandthefirstnarrativeinreachanextent,Genetteclassifiesanalepsesintothreetypes:
externalanalepsis,internalanalepsisandmixedanalepsis.
Externalanalepsismeansits“entireextentremainsexternaltotheextentofthefirstnarrative”(Genette,1980:
49).Thesecondanalepsisis,inGenette’sterms,internalanalepsis,whosetemporaldepartureandextentarewithinthefirstnarrative.ThethirdanalepsisreferredtobyGenetteiscalledmixedanalepsis,whose“reachgoesbacktoapointearlierandwhoseextentarrivesatapointlaterthanthebeginningofthefirstnarrative”(Genette,1980:
49).Inotherswords,iftheperiodcoveredbytheanalepsisbeginsbeforethestartingpointofthefirst
narrativebutatalaterstageeitherjointsitorgoesbeyondit,thentheanalepsisisconsidered“mixed”.Onthewhole,analepsescanaddthenarrativecapacityinunitoftime.It,moreoftenthannot,containstherichandlongtrainofthoughtsandthediverseandconfusedpast.
world.
Apartfromanalepses,thesecondcommonformofanachroniesisprolepses,whichcanbedefinedas“anyevocationafterthefactofaneventthattookplaceearlierthanthepointinthestorywhereweareatanygivenmoment”(Genette,1980:
40).Prolepsesareakindofanticipationorahintatthefutureevent.Likeanalepses,prolepsesarealsodividedintoexternalprolepsesandinternalprolepses.
Thelimitofthetemporalfieldofthefirstnarrativeisclearlymarkedbythelastnon-prolepticsceneandsomeeventstakeplaceafterthisscene.Asopposedtoexternalprolepses,internalprolepsescanbedesignatedassomeepisodestoldearlierthanthelastnon-prolepticsceneofthestory.
Achrony
Insuchanachroniesasanalepsesandprolepses,theirreachandextentcanessentiallybeconfirmed.
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