化学高中有机化学知识点总结.docx
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化学高中有机化学知识点总结.docx
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化学高中有机化学知识点总结
化学高中有机化学知识点总结(ChemistrysummaryoforganicchemistryknowledgeinSeniorHighSchool)
Chemistry:
summaryoforganicchemistryknowledgeinSeniorHighSchool
1.,waterbathheatingreactionisrequired:
(1)silvermirrorreaction
(2),hydrolysisofethylacetate(3)nitrationofbenzene(4)hydrolysisofsugar
(5)preparationofphenolicresin(6)determinationofsolidsolubility
Anyreactionundertheconditionofnohigherthan100DEGCcanbeheatedbywaterbath,andtheadvantagesarethatthetemperaturechangeisstable,thefluctuationofthetemperatureisnotgreat,andthereactionisfavorable.
2.experimentswiththermometersarerequired:
(1)ethylene(170DEG),
(2),distillation(3),anddeterminationofsolubilityofsolidinlaboratory
(4),thehydrolysisofethylacetate(70DEGC)(5),determinationofneutralizationheat
(6)nitrobenzene(50-60DEGC)
[instructions]:
(1)thermometerisrequiredforanyonewhoneedsaccuratetemperaturecontrol.
(2)payattentiontothepositionofthemercurybulb.
3.organiccompoundsthatreactwithNaarealcohols,phenols,carboxylicacids,andsoon,includingcompoundswithhydroxylgroups.
4.materialsthatcanreactwithsilvermirrorsare:
Aldehydes,formicacid,formicacid,formate,glucose,maltose-substancesthatcontainaldehydegroups.
5.canmakePotassiumPermanganateacidsolutionfadesubstances:
(1)thederivativesofhydrocarbonsandhydrocarbonscontainingcarbonandcarbondoublebonds,carbonandcarbonbonds,andhomologuesofbenzene
(2)acompoundcontaininghydroxylgroupssuchasalcoholsandphenols
(3)acompoundcontaininganaldehydegroup
(4)inorganicsubstanceswithreducedproperties(suchasSO2,FeSO4,KI,HCl,H2O2,etc.)
6.canmakethematerialfadebromine:
(1)derivativesofhydrocarbonsandhydrocarbonscontainingcarboncarbondoublebondsandcarboncarbontriplebonds(addition)
(2)phenols,suchasphenols(substituted);
(3)aldehydecontainingsubstance(oxidation)
(4)alkalinesubstances(suchasNaOH,Na2CO3)(redoxdisproportionation)
(5)stronginorganicreducingagents(suchasSO2,KI,FeSO4,etc.)
(6)theorganicsolvent(suchasbenzeneandbenzene,tetrachloromethane,gasoline,hexane,whichbelongstotheextraction,thewaterlayerandtheorganiclayerisorangeredcolor.)
Theliquidorganicmatter7.greaterdensitythanwaterwithbromoethane,bromobenzene,nitrobenzene,carbontetrachloride.
8.Aliquidorganicsubstanceoflessdensitythanwater:
hydrocarbons,mostesters,andonechlorinealkane.
9.substancesthatcanundergohydrolysisreactionshave
Halogenatedhydrocarbons,esters(fats),twosugars,polysaccharides,proteins(peptides),salts.
10.organiccompoundsthatarenotsolubleinwater:
Hydrocarbon,halogenatedhydrocarbon,ester,starch,cellulose
11.organicmatterthatisagasatnormaltemperature:
Withthenumberofcarbonatomsislessthanorequalto4inhydrocarbonmolecules(neopentaneexception),methylchloride,formaldehyde.
12.concentratedsulfuricacid,heatingreactionoccurs:
Nitrationandsulfonationofbenzeneandbenzenehomologues,dehydrationofalcohols,esterificationandhydrolysisofcellulose
13.substancesthatcanbeoxidized:
Unsaturatedcompoundscontainingcarboncarbondoublebondsorcarboncarbonbonds(KMnO4);homologuesofbenzene;alcohols;aldehydes;phenols.
Mostorganicmattercanbeburned,andcombustionisoxygenatedbyoxygen.
14.acidicorganiccompounds:
compoundscontainingphenols,hydroxylgroups,andcarboxylgroups.
15.candenaturetheproteinsubstances:
strongacidandalkaliandheavymetalsalt,formaldehyde,phenol,strongoxidant,strongalcohol,hydrogenperoxide,iodine,threechloroaceticacid.
16.organiccompoundsthatcanreactwithacidsandbases:
organiccompoundswithacids,bases,andbifunctionalgroups(aminoacids,proteins,etc.)
17.organiccompoundsthatreactwithNaOHsolutions:
(1)phenol:
(2)carboxylicacid:
(3)halogenatedhydrocarbons(aqueoussolution:
hydrolysis,alcoholsolution:
elimination);
(4)ester:
(hydrolysis,nonheating,slowreaction,fastheatingreaction)
(5)protein(hydrolysis)
18organicreactionswithobviouscolorchanges:
1.thereactionofphenolwithferricchloridesolutionispurple;
2.KMnO4bleachingofacidsolutions;
The3.fadebromine;
4.starchturnsbluewhenitisiodine.
5.proteininconcentratednitricacidisyellow(colorreaction)
I.physicalproperties
Methane:
colorless,odorless,insoluble
Ethylene:
colorless,slightlyodorous,insoluble
Acetylene:
colorless,odorless,slightlysoluble
(calciumcarbideformation:
H2SandPH3containingafoulodor)
Benzene:
colorless,hasaspecialsmell,liquidinsoluble,toxic
Ethanol:
colorless,withspecialfragrance,miscibleandvolatile
Aceticacid:
colorless,pungentodor,solubleandvolatile
Two、laboratorymethod
Methane:
CH3COONa+NaOH-(CaO,CH4=+Na2CO3,heating)
Note:
anhydroussodiumacetate:
alkalilime=1:
3
Solidandsolidheating(sameasO2,NH3)
Anhydrous(cannotuseNaAccrystal)
CaO:
waterabsorption,dilutionofNaOH,notcatalyst
Ethylene:
C2H5OH(concentratedH2SO4170,c),CH2=CH2=+H2O
Note:
Valcohol:
V,concentratedsulfuricacid=1:
3(dehydrated,mixedwithbrown)
Drainagecollection(withCl2,HCl),temperature170DEGC(140C:
ether)
RemovalofSO2andCO2byalkalilime
Porcelain:
topreventbumping
Acetylene:
CaC2+2H2OtoC2H2=Ca+2(OH)
Note:
drainagecollectionwithoutimpurityremoval
Cannotusetheuniversalgenerator
SaturatedNaCl:
lowerreactionrate
Catheterplacedcotton:
preventsslightlysolubleCa(OH)2foamfromcloggingthecatheter
Ethanol:
CH2=CH2+H2O(catalyst,heating,pressurization)CH3CH2OH
Idon'tknow.It'sanindustriallaboratory,too
Note:
anhydrousCuSO4testwater(whitetoblue)
Boostconcentration:
plusCaO,reheat,distillation
Three,combustionphenomenon
Alkane:
flameislightblue,notbright
Alkene:
brightflame,blacksmoke
By:
brightflamewithstrongblacksmoke(pureoxygenin3000DEGC:
oxyacetyleneflame)
Benzene:
flamebright,alotofblacksmoke(TongQue)
Alcohol:
flameispaleblue,putalotofheat
Four,KMnO4&bromineacid
Alkane:
nofading
Acetylene:
botharebleached(theformerisoxidizedandthelatterisadded)
Benzene:
KMnO4doesnotfadetofadebromineextraction
Fiveimportantreactionequation
Alkane:
substituted
CH4+Cl2=HCl()+CH3Cl(g)+
CH3Cl+Cl2=HCl()+CH2Cl2(L)+
CH2Cl+Cl2=HCl()+CHCl3(L)+
CHCl3+Cl2=HCl()+CCl4(L)+
Appearance:
palecolorwithoilyliquidonthewall
Note:
onlythe4generationisinthemethanegas
Chloroform=chloroform
Carbontetrachlorideactsasaextinguishingagent
Ene:
1,plus
CH2=CH2+Br2=CH2BrCH2Br
CH2=CH2+HCl=catalystCH3CH2Cl
CH2=CH2+H2=catalyst(heating)CH3CH3ethane
CH2=CH2+H2O=catalyst(heating,pressurizing)CH3CH2OHethanol
2,polymerization(poly)
NCH2=CH2,(a),[CH2CH2]n
(monomer=polymer)
Note:
breakdoublebondtotwo"halfkey""
Polymers(polymers)aremixtures
Alkyne:
basicalkene...
Benzene:
1.1,substitution(bromine)
TheBr2+,(FeorFeBr3),the-Br+HBr
Note:
Vbenzene:
V,bromine,=4:
1
Longcatheter:
condensing,refluxing,guidinggas
Antidumping
NaOHremovalofimpurity
Phenomenon:
thecathetermouthwhitefog,paleyellowpowder(AgBr),CCl4:
brownliquidinsolubleinwater(Bromophenyl)
One
2,insteadofnitration(nitricacid)
The+HNO3(concentratedH2SO4,60,c),-NO2+H2O\\
Note:
firstaddconcentratednitricacid,andthenaddconcentratedsulfuricacid,coolingtoroomtemperature,plusbenzene
50degrees-60degrees[waterbath]thermometerinsertbeaker
Inadditiontomixedacid:
NaOH
Nitrobenzene:
colorlessoilyliquid,insoluble,bitteralmond,flavorpoison
1.3,replace-sulfonation(concentratedsulfuricacid)
The+H2SO4(concentrated),(70degrees),the-SO3H+H2O
2,plus
The3H2(Ni,+,heating),2003(cyclohexane)
Alcohol:
1,replacement(livelymetal)
2CH3CH2OH+2Na+H2=2CH3CH2ONa.
Thesodiumdensityisgreaterthanthealcoholandthereactionisstable
Thedensityof{cf.}sodiumislessthanthatofwater,andthereactionissevere
2.Elimination(intramoleculardehydration)
C2H5OH,(C,CH2=CH2=H2SO4170thick)+H2O
3.Substitution(intermoleculardehydration)
2CH3CH2OH-(concentratedH2SO4140degrees)-CH3CH2OCH2CH3(ether)+H2O
(ether:
colorless,non-toxic,volatileliquidanesthetic)
4,catalyticoxidation
2CH3CH2OH+O2=2H2O(Cu,heating)-2CH3CHO(acetaldehyde)+
Phenomenon:
copperwiresurfacedarkening,immersedinethanol,red,liquidhasaspecialirritatingodor
Acid:
substitution(esterification)
CH3COOH+C2H5OHH2O(concentratedH2SO4,heated)CH3COOC2H5+a.
(ethylacetate:
Scentedcolorlessoilyliquid)
Note:
[dehydrogenationofacidhydroxyalcohol][isotopetracermethod)
Porcelain:
topreventbumping
Concentratedsulfuricacid:
catalyticdehydration,waterabsorption
SaturatedNa2CO3:
easytoseparateandpurify
Halogenatedhydrocarbons:
1,substitution(hydrolysis)[NaOHaqueoussolution]
CH3CH2X+NaOH=(H2O,heating)CH3CH2OH+NaX
Note:
NaOHaction:
neutralizesHBrtoacceleratereactionrate
TestX:
addingnitricacidtotheAgNO3toobserveprecipitation
2,eliminate[NaOHalcoholsolution]
CH3CH2Cl+NaOH-(alcohol,heating),CH2=CH2=+NaCl+H2O
Note:
HonadjacentCatomscanbeeliminated
AddHtoHandtakeoffHatH(Markovlaw)
Alcoholsolution:
inhibitshydrolysis(inhibitsNaOHionization)
Six,generalformula
CnH2n+2alkane
CnH2nolefin/naphthenichydrocarbon
CnH2n-2/alkynediene
CnH2n-6benzeneanditshomologues
CnH2n+2Ooneyuanalcohol/alkylether
CnH2nOsaturatedoneyuanaldehyde/ketone
CnH2n-6Oarylalcohol/phenol
CnH2nO2carboxylicaci
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