Unit 2A General Survey of the United Kingdom文本教案副本.docx
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Unit 2A General Survey of the United Kingdom文本教案副本.docx
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Unit2AGeneralSurveyoftheUnitedKingdom文本教案副本
GeneralSurveyoftheUnitedKingdom
Objectives
·TogettoknowbasicfeaturesoftheUnitedKingdom
·TobeawareofthebriefhistoryoftheUnitedKingdom
Contents
PartIBriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom
·Location
·Constitution
·Geography
·Climate
·NationalcapitalcityandRiverThames
·Nationalflagandnationalanthem
·People
·TheEnglishLanguage
PartIIBriefhistoryofGreatBritain
·GreatBritaininPrehistoricage:
earlysettlers,CeltsandRomans
·GreatBritaininthemiddleages:
from446to1901
·ModernBritain:
fromthe20thcenturytonow
TeachingPlan
PartI.ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom
ThereisanislandcountrythatliesnorthwestoftheEuropeanContinentacrosstheEnglishChannel.ThefullnameofthiscountryistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,whichiscommonlyknownastheUnitedKingdom,GreatBritain,orBritain.
1.Location
GreatBritainislocatedbetween50°and60°northlatitudeand20°eastlongitudeand10°westlongitude,withthemeridianlinerunningthroughLondon.ApartformIrelandwhichbordersNorthernIreland,noothercountrysharesborderlineswithGreatBritain.ButtothenorthoftheBritishIslestherearesearoutesleadingtoIcelandandNorway.AcrosstheNorthSea,BritainfacesGermany,Denmark,Holland,andNorway.AndtothesoutheastacrosstheEnglishChannel,itfacesFrance,itssecondclosestneighborafterIreland.TothesouthandacrosstheAtlanticOceanandtheBayofBiscayareSpainandPortugal.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaareonthewestsideoftheAtlanticOcean.
2.Constitution
Asthefullnameofthenationsuggests,GreatBritainismadeupoffourpartswithintheonenation-state:
theislandofGreatBritainismadeupofEngland,ScotlandandWales,andNorthernIreland.
Theunitedkingdom,withatotalterritoryof244,110squarekilometers,ismadeupofmanyislandsoftheBritishIslesofftheNorthwestcoastofEurope.ThetwomainislandsoftheBritishIslesareGreatBritainandIreland.GreatBritain,withatotalareaofabout223,000squarekilometers,makesupmorethan90percentofthecountry’sterritory.That’swhytheUnitedKingdomisalsoknownasGreatBritain.TheislandofIrelandisdividedintotwoparts:
theRepublicofIrelandandNorthernIreland.TheRepublicofIrelandisanindependentcountry,whileNorthernIrelandispartoftheUnitedKingdom.
3.Geography
Geographically,GreatBritainisdividedintotwoparts:
theHighlandZoneinthenorthandtheLowlandZoneinthesouth.TheHighlandZoneincludestheHighlandsofScotland,theCentralLowlandsofScotland,theSouthernUplands,thePennines,andtheLakeDistrictofCambria.
TheHighlandsofScotlandincludechainsofgreatmountainsinnorthernScotland.Thisregioncontainsthecountry’shighestmountainBenNeviswhichis1,343metershigh.Asthelandhereistoohillyandbarrentogrowcrops,itismostlyusedforgrazinganimals.ThisregionisoneoftheleastpopulatedareasofGreatBritain.
TheCentralLowlandsofScotlandarevalleyareasthatlietothesouthoftheHighlands.Thevalleywasoncelushwithswampforestswhichlaterturnedintocoalfields.ThisregionisthemostimportantpartofScotland,asmostoftheindustrialcenters,farmlandandthreequartersofthepopulationofScotlandarealllocatedhere.
TheSouthernUplandsofScotlandarelocatedrighttothesouthoftheCentralLowlands.TheyarecomposedofremainsofwhatusedtobegreatmountainrangesthatrunfromthesouthwesttothenortheastofScotland.Thisareafeaturesexpansivemoorlandandwoodland.
ThePenninesstartontheborderofEnglandandScotlandandrunabout120kilometerssouthtocentralEngland.Partlybecauseoftheirlengthandpartlytheirelevation,theyareoftenreferredtoasthe“BackboneofEngland.”LiketheSouthernUplands,thePenninesaremostlymoorland.
TheLakeDistrictofCambriaislocatedonthewestsideofthePennines.ThisregionclaimsthemostspectacularviewinGreatBritain.Agroupofpoetsinthe19thcenturyoftenwenttheretogetinspirations.SopeoplecallthemtheLakePoets.
TheLowlandZone,incontrast,containslargeareasofflatlandinthesouthernandeasternpartsofEngland.Mostoftheregionislessthan250metersabovesealevel.ItcomprisessuchareasastheMidlandsofEngland,thePlainofLancastria,andtheNorthEasternLowlands.
TheMidlandsofEnglandsurroundthesouthernendofthePenninesonthreesides.NorthEasternLowlandsistheareaontheeasternsideofthePennines.TogetherwiththePlainofLancastriaonthewestofthePennines,itformsabroadLowlandBeltthathasthemostfertilesoilandthereforeisthemostsuitableforagriculture.
NorthernIrelandisfullofruggedmountainscenery.ThisregionisalotlowerinelevationthantheScottishuplands.Theoutpouringofbasalticlavainoldtimehasturnedthelandintoahugeplateau.LakeLoughNeagh,with396squarekilometers,isthelargestfreshwaterlakeintheBritishIsles.
4.Climate
GreatBritainisinthenortherntemperatezone.Itisfavoredwithoceanicclimate.AlthoughitslatitudeisasfarnorthasthatofSiberia,GreatBritainenjoysaverymildclimateduetotheNorthAtlanticDriftwhichisacontinuationofawarmcurrentthatflowsfromtheStraitsofFloridainagenerallynortheasterndirection.ItflowspastBritainandthevariousriverscarrythewarmwaterinland.Thismakestheclimatewarmerinthewinterandcoolerinthesummerthancountriesatthesamelatitude.
Generallyspeaking,itiscolderinthenorththaninthesouthandthewesterncoasttendstobewarmerthantheeast.ThehottestmonthsarefromJunetoAugust.Inthesethreemonthsthedaysareverylong,withthesunrisingat4:
00a.m.andsettingatabout8:
00p.m.Evenatabout10:
00p.m.,thereisstilltwilight.Summertemperatureisusuallyaround20°C.
ThecoldestmonthsinthecountryarefromDecembertoFebruary.TheaveragedailylowtemperatureinJanuaryisaround0°Candseldomgetsbelow-10°CeveninnorthernScotland.(ThereissometimessnowinEngland,butnottotheamountthatitcangatherontheground.IntheHighlandsofScotland,snowcanbeheavyenoughforsportsloverstogoskiing.)
SpringincludesMarch,AprilandMay.ThefirstdayofMayisagrandfestivalinEngland.AlsocalledMayDaybuthavingnothingtodowithlabor,thisdayseespeoplegoingoutfromtheirhomestopickMayflowersfordecorationoftheirhomesandenjoythemselvesbydancingaroundMaypolesindaytimeandbonfiresatnight.
GreatBritainhasplentyofrainfallbecausewindsblowingofftheAtlanticOceanbringcloudsandlargeamountsofmoisturetotheBritishIsles.Britainenjoysanaverageannualprecipitationofmorethan1,000mm,whichmakesthecountryunusuallygreen.Onthewhole,theeastandsouthwithanannualprecipitationoflessthan800mmisdrierthanthenorthandwestwhichhasanannualrainfallofmorethan1,600mm.Generallyspeaking,thedriesttimeoftheyearisMarchtoJune,butitrainsallyearroundinthewest.
GreatBritainhaschangeableweather.Itishardtopredicttheweatherevenbythemostexperiencedmeteorologist.Onestatement,oftenmadebyEnglishmentodescribethepeculiarmeteorologicalconditionsoftheircountry,isbothrevealingandtrue.Thatis‘Othercountrieshaveaclimate;inEnglandwehaveweather.’InnocountryotherthanGreatBritain,ithasbeensaid,canoneexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday!
Therefore,weatherbecomesafrequenttopicofdiscussionamongpeople.
ThisuncertaintyabouttheweatherhashadadefiniteeffectupontheEnglishman’scharacter;ittendstomakehimcautious,forexample.TheforeignermaylaughwhenheseestheEnglishmansettingforthonabrilliantlysunnymorningwearingaraincoatandcarryinganumbrella,buthemaywellregrethislaughterlaterintheday!
TheEnglishweatherhasalsohelpedtomaketheEnglishmanadaptable.IthasbeensaidthatoneofthereasonswhytheEnglishcolonizedsomuchoftheworldwasthat,whatevertheweatherconditionstheymetabroad,theyhadalreadyexperiencedsomethinglikethemathome!
5.NationalcapitalcityandRiverThames
ThenationalcapitalofGreatBritainisLondon,acityontheRiverThames.Londonhasacharacterallofitsown.Itistrulycosmopolitancity,aboutathirdofitspopulationof7millionbeingmadeupofvariousethnicminorities.Itisalsoaverymoderncitybuzzingwithfinancialdealsandcommunicationstechnology,displayingfashionandinitiatingculturalchange.Meanwhile,itisanancientcity,weightywithroyaltyandthebuildingsofempireandcivicpride(bothLondoncity’sprideanditspeople’spride)thatrecountitshistoricalsignificancefromRometoVictoriantimes.
GreatBritainisacountryofmanyriversandlakes,butnoneofthemareverylarge.RiverThamesiswellknowntotheworldbecauseitflowsthroughLondonbeforeitemptiesintotheNorthSea.ItisthesecondlongestriverinGreatBritain,whichis332kilometerslong.Ithasmanytributaries,sothatthetotaldrainageareaoftheThamesamountstonearly7,000squarekilometers.ThelongestriverisRiverSevernwhichis355kilometerslong.
6.Nationalflagandnationalanthem
ItsnationalflagiscalledtheUnionJack,socalledbecauseGreatBritainishistoricallya“unionofnations”.Thenationalflagcombinestheflagsofthreeofthefourpartsthatformtheunion:
theredcrossrepresentsEngland;thewhitesaltirestandsforNorthernScotland,andtheredsaltirestandforNorthernIreland.
“GodSavetheQueen”isthenationalanthemofGreatB
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