A paraphrase is a restatement of a source in about the same number of words.docx
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A paraphrase is a restatement of a source in about the same number of words.docx
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Aparaphraseisarestatementofasourceinaboutthesamenumberofwords
Aparaphraseisarestatementofasourceinaboutthesamenumberofwords.Paraphrasingenablesyoutodemonstratethatyouhaveunderstoodyourreading;italsoenablesyoutohelpyouraudienceunderstandtheresultsofyourreading.Themostcommonreasonforparaphrasingistorestatedifficultmaterialmoresimply.
Yourrestatementofsomeoneelse’swordsshouldhonortwoimportantprinciples:
yourversionshouldbealmostentirelyinyourownwords,andyourwordsshouldaccuratelyconveythecontentoftheoriginalpassage.Ifyousimplychangeafewwordsinapassage,youhavenotadequatelyrestatedit.Asyoucomparethesourcebelowwiththeparaphrasethatfollows,noticedifferencesinsentencestructureaswellaswordchoice.
Example:
Source(fromWaldenbyHenryDavidThoreau,page109)
Mostmen,eveninthiscomparativelyfreecountry,throughmereignoranceandmistake,aresooccupiedwiththefactitiouscaresandsuperfluouslycoarselaborsoflifethatitsfinerfruitscannotbepluckedbythem.
Paraphrase
Thoreauarguedthatmostpeoplemisssomeofthebestpleasuresinlifebecausetheymakethemistakeofworkingunnecessarilyhardandworryingaboutunimportantproblems(109).
HowtoParaphrase
Itisnottruethatonlydirectquotationsneedtobecited.Failuretoacknowledgethesourceofanindirectquotationorparaphraseisalsoaformofplagiarism.
Paraphrasemeansyourestatetheauthor’sidea,meaning,andinformationinyourownwords.
MethodsofParaphrasing
Lookawayfromthesourceandthenwrite.Readthetextyouwanttoparaphraseseveraltimesuntilyouunderstanditandcanuseyourownwordstorestateit.Thenlookawayfromtheoriginalandrewriteinyourownwords.Thinkofwhatyourownwordswouldbeifyouweretellingsomeoneunfamiliarwiththetopic.
Takenotes.Takeabbreviatednotes;setthenotesasidethenparaphrasefromthenotesadayorsolater.
Whilelookingatthesource,firstchangethesentencestructure,thenthewords.
Butremember,nomatterhowmuchyouchangeit,youstillmustCITEit!
FurtherReadingMaterialonHowtoParaphraseasource
Howtoparaphraseasource
Generaladvice
1.Whenreadingapassage,tryfirsttounderstanditasawhole,ratherthanpausingtowritedownspecificideasorphrases.
2.Beselective.Unlessyourassignmentistodoaformalor"literal"paraphrase,youusuallydon?
tneedtoparaphraseanentirepassage;instead,chooseandsummarizethematerialthathelpsyoumakeapointinyourpaper.
3.Thinkofwhat"yourownwords"wouldbeifyouweretellingsomeonewho'sunfamiliarwithyoursubject(yourmother,yourbrother,afriend)whattheoriginalsourcesaid.
4.Rememberthatyoucanusedirectquotationsofphrasesfromtheoriginalwithinyourparaphrase,andthatyoudon'tneedtochangeorputquotationmarksaroundsharedlanguage.
MethodsofParaphrasing
A.Lookawayfromthesource
thenwrite.Readthetextyouwanttoparaphraseseveraltimesuntilyoufeelthatyouunderstanditandcanuseyourownwordstorestateittosomeoneelse.Then,lookawayfromtheoriginalandrewritethetextinyourownwords.
B.Takenotes.Takeabbreviatednotes;setthenotesaside;thenparaphrasefromthenotesadayorsolater,orwhenyoudraft.
Ifyoufindthatyoucan'tdoAorB,thismaymeanthatyoudon'tunderstandthepassagecompletelyorthatyouneedtouseamorestructuredprocessuntilyouhavemoreexperienceinparaphrasing.
Themethodbelowisnotonlyawaytocreateaparaphrasebutalsoawaytounderstandadifficulttext.
C.Whilelookingatthesource,firstchangethestructure,thenthewords.Forexample,considerthefollowingpassagefromLoveandToil(abookonmotherhoodinLondonfrom1870to1918),inwhichtheauthor,EllenRoss,putsforthoneofhermajorarguments:
LoveandToilmaintainsthatfamilysurvivalwasthemother'smainchargeamongthelargemajorityofLondon?
spopulationwhowerepoororworkingclass;theemotionalandintellectualnurtureofherchildorchildrenandeventheiractualcomfortwereforcedintothebackground.Tomotherwastoworkforandorganizehouseholdsubsistence.(p.9)
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Changethestructure
Beginbystartingatadifferentplaceinthepassageand/orsentence(s),basingyourchoiceonthefocusofyourpaper.Thiswillleadnaturallytosomechangesinwording.Someplacesyoumightstartinthepassageaboveare"Themother'smaincharge,""Amongthe...poororworkingclass,""Workingforandorganizinghouseholdsubsistence,"or"Theemotionalandintellectualnurture."Oryoucouldbeginwithoneofthepeoplethepassageisabout:
"Mothers,""Amother,""Children,""Achild."Focusingonspecificpeopleratherthanabstractionswillmakeyourparaphrasemorereadable.
Atthisstage,youmightalsobreakuplongsentences,combineshortones,expandphrasesforclarity,orshortenthemforconciseness,oryoumightdothisinanadditionalstep.Inthisprocess,you'llnaturallyeliminatesomewordsandchangeothers.
Here'soneofthemanywaysyoumightgetstartedwithaparaphraseofthepassageabovebychangingitsstructure.Inthiscase,thefocusofthepaperistheeffectofeconomicstatusonchildrenattheturnofthecentury,sothewriterbeginswithchildren:
Childrenofthepoorattheturnofthecenturyreceivedlittleifanyemotionalorintellectualnurturingfromtheirmothers,whosemainchargewasfamilysurvival.Workingforandorganizinghouseholdsubsistencewerewhatdefinedmothering.Nexttothis,eventhechildren'sbasiccomfortwasforcedintothebackground(Ross,1995).
Nowyou'vesucceededinchangingthestructure,butthepassagestillcontainsmanydirectquotations,soyouneedtogoontothesecondstep.
Changethewords
Usesynonymsoraphrasethatexpressesthesamemeaning.Leavesharedlanguageunchanged.
It'simportanttostartbychangingthestructure,notthewords,butyoumightfindthatasyouchangethewords,youseewaystochangethestructurefurther.Thefinalparaphrasemightlooklikethis:
AccordingtoRoss(1993),poorchildrenattheturnofthecenturyreceivedlittlemotheringinoursenseoftheterm.Motheringwasdefinedbyeconomicstatus,andamongthepoor,amother'sforemostresponsibilitywasnottostimulateherchildren'smindsorfostertheiremotionalgrowthbuttoprovidefoodandsheltertomeetthebasicrequirementsforphysicalsurvival.Giventhemagnitudeofthistask,childrenweredeprivedofeventhe"actualcomfort"(p.9)weexpectmotherstoprovidetoday.
Youmayneedtogothroughthisprocessseveraltimestocreateasatisfactoryparaphrase.
ProcessforWritingaSummary
Asummaryisaconciserestatement(shorterthantheoriginalsource).Anessentialskillforwritingresearchpapers,summarizingenableswriterstoreporttheworkofotherswithoutgettingboggeddowninunnecessarydetail.Summarizewheneveryoucansavespacebycondensingapassage(or,insomecases,anentirework).
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1.ReadwiththeWriter'sPurposeinMind
Readthearticlecarefully,makingnonotesormarksandlookingonlyforwhatthewriterissaying.
Afteryou'vefinishedreading,writedowninonesentencethepointthatismadeaboutthesubject.Thenlookforthewriter'sthesisandunderlineit.
Doesthisthesiscorrespondwiththesentenceyouwrotedown?
Ifnot,adjustyoursentenceorreconsiderthethesisyouselected.
Lookatthearticleagainandaskyourselfifyourviewisslantedtowardoneoftheessay'sminorpoints.Ifitis,adjustyoursentencesothatitisslantedtowardthewriter'smajorpoint.
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2.UnderlinewithSummarizinginMind
Onceyouclearlyunderstandthewriter'smajorpoint(orpurpose)forwriting,readthearticleagain.Thistimeunderlinethemajorpointssupportingthethesis;theseshouldbewordsorphraseshereandthereratherthancompletesentences.
Inaddition,underlinekeytransitionalelementswhichshowhowpartsareconnected.Omitspecificdetails,examples,description,andunnecessaryexplanations.Note:
youmayneedtogothroughthearticletwiceinordertopickupeverythingyouneed.
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3.Write,Revise,andEdittoEnsuretheAccuracyandCorrectnessofYourSummary
WritingYourSummary
Nowbeginwritingyoursummary.Startwithasentencenamingthewriterandarticletitleandstatingtheessay'smainidea.Thenwriteyoursummary,omittingnothingimportantandstrivingforoverallcoherencethroughappropriatetransitions.
OPTION1
Thearticle"GoldandSilver,"byJoeLawrence,foundintheSeptember3,2002issueofNewsweekonpages29-32,statesthatgoldandsilverarestillthepreciousmetalstoinvestinbecausetheirvaluenevergoesdown.
OPTION2
JoeLawrencestatesin"GoldandSilver,"Newsweek;September3,2002;pgs.29-3.),thatgoldandsilverarestillthepreciousmetalstoinvestinbecausetheirvaluenevergoesdown.
OPTION3
Inthearticle"GoldandSilver,"(Newsweek;September3,2002;pgs.29-3.))JoeLawrencestatesthatgoldandsilverarestillthepreciousmetalstoinvestinbecausetheirvaluenevergoesdown.
OPTION4
Thearticle"GoldandSilver,"byJoeLawrence,foundinNewsweek,September3,2002,pages29-32,statesthatgoldandsilverarestillthepreciousmetalstoinvestinbeca
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