08湖南农大.docx
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08湖南农大.docx
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08湖南农大
Non-EnglishMajorDoctorateEnglishExamin2008
SectionIVocabularyandStructure(10points,0.5pointeach)
Directions:
Inthissectionthereare20incompletesentences.Foreachsentence
therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletes
thesentenceandmarkyouransweronyourANSWERSHEET.
1.WehadEnglishclasses_.
A.lastterminschooleveryotherday
B.inschooleveryotherdaylastterm
C.everyotherdaylastterminschool
D.everyotherdayinschoollastterm
2.I—————muchofthebookbutIdon'tfinditinteresting.
A.readB.amreadingC.havebeenreadinD.haveread
3.Inthearea,AIDSis————diseasethattheverymentionofitstrikesterrorinto
thepopulation.
A.asodreadfulB.suchdreadful
C.sodreadfulaD.asuchdreadful
4.Thelittlegirl————intothelakebutherfathercaughther.
A.shouldhavefallenB.wouldhavefallen
C.hadprobablyfallenD.hasfallen
5.Look,————inherusualredskirt.
A.TinacomeshereB.hereTinacomes
C.comeshereTinaD.herecomesTina
6.Whensuddenlytransplantedinanewland,quitealotofpeoplefind__
toadjusttothewayoflifethere.
A.difficultB.difficulty
C.itdifficultD.thedifficulty
7.Whenhevisitedthehouse50yearslater,hefoundeverythingwas___
ithadbeenbefore.
A.thatB.asC.sameD.which
8.I'vearranged————ProfessorZhangathisofficethiscomingFriday.He
saidhe'dbegladtoseeyou.
A.foryoutomeetB.tomeet
C.youtomeetD.forameeting
9.Atnotime,neithertodaynorinthefuture,————asuperpower.
A.ChinashouldbeB.Chinawillbe
C.willChinabeD.willChinaneverbe
10."Doyouoftenswimnow?
"
第1共14页
"No,butI_whenIwasinmyfifties."
A.usedtoB.usedtodo
C.amusedtoitD.wasusedtodoing
11.Studentsshouldnotbeeasilycontentedwiththefactsofferedintextbooks,as
manythingsintheworldare———amatterofattitudeandperception
————thesimplememorizationoffacts.
A.either,orB.neither,notC.both,andD.more,than
12.Somepeoplehavetrouble————toalifeofretirement.
A.changingB.fitting
C.adjustingD.adopting
13.Agoodwaytoforgetyourtroubleistohelpothersoutof————
A.theirsB.their
C.theirs'D.them
14.——————worriesmeisnothowtoraisetherponey,butwheretofindthe
rightpeoplefortheproject.
A.ThatB.WhatC.WhoD.Which
15.————invitedtothefuneral,thecoupleweretrulyworried.
A.NottobeB.Nothaving
C.HavingnotbeenD.Nothavingbeen
16.You————allthosecalculations!
Wehaveacomputertodothat
sortofthing.
A.shouldn'thavedoneB.mustnothavedone
C.needn'thavedoneD.cannothavedone
17.Wehadapartylastmonth,anditwasalotoffun,solet'shave————one
thismonth.
A.anotherB.moreC.theotherD.other
18.Thereweresome————flowersonthetable.
A.falseB.unnaturalC.artificialD.unreal
19.Iappreciate————toyourhome.
A.tobeinvitedB.beinginvited
C.havinginvitedD.tohaveinvited
20.Driversareconstantlyadvisednottodrivewhentired,fortiredness
Can————aperson'sjudgment.
A.effectB.misleadC.impairD.distract
SectionIIReadingComprehension(30points,1pointeach)
Directions:
Inthissectionthereare6passages.Eachoneisfollowedby5questions
ReadthepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersonyourANSWERSHEET.
PassageOne
第2页共14页
AdamSmith,theScottishprofessorofmoralphilosophy,wasthrilledbyhis
recognitionoforderintheeconomicsystem.Hisbook,theWealthofNations(1776),
isthegerminalbookinthefieldofeconomicswhichearnedhimthetitle"thefather
ofeconomics".
InSmith'sview,anation'swealthwasdependentuponproduction,not
agriculturealone.Howmuchitproduced,hebelieved,dependeduponhowwellit
combinedlaborandtheotherfactorsofproduction.Themoreefficientthe
combination,thegreatertheoutput,andthegreaterthenation'swealth.
TheessenceofSmith'seconomicphilosophywashisbeliefthataneconomy
wouldworkbestiflefttofunctiononitsownwithoutgovernmentregulation.In
thosecircumstances,self-interestwouldleadbusinessfirmstoproduceonlythose
productsthatconsumerswanted,andtoproducethematthelowestpossiblecost.
Theywoulddothis,notasameansofbenefitingsociety,butinaneffortto
outperformtheircompetitorsandgainthegreatestprofit.Butallthisselfinterest
wouldbenefitsocietyasawholebyprovidingitwithmoreandbettergoodsand
service,atthelowestprices.
Smithsaidinhisbook:
"Everyindividualendeavorstoemployhiscapitalsothat
itsproducemaybeofgreatestvalue.Hegenerallyneitherintendstopromotethe
publicinterest,norknowshowmuchheispromotingit.-Heintendsonlyhisown
security,onlyhisgain.Andheisinthisledbyaninvisiblehandtopromotethat
whichwasnopartofhisintention.Bypursuinghisowninteresthefrequently
promotesthatofsocietymoreeffectuallythanwhenhereallyintendstopromote."
The"invisiblehand"wasSmith'snamefortheeconomicforcesthatwetoday
wouldcallsupplyanddemand,Smithagreedwiththephysiocratsandtheirpolicyof
"laissezfaire",lettingindividualsandbusinessesfunctionwithoutinterferencefrom
governmentregulation.Inthatwaythe"invisiblehand"wouldbefreetoguidethe
economyandmaximizeproduction."
Smithwasverycriticalofmonopolieswhichrestrictedthecompetitionthathe
sawasvitalforeconomicprosperity.Herecognizedthatthevirtuesofthemarket
mechanismarefullyrealizedonlywhenthechecksandbalancesofperfect
competitionarepresent.Perfectcompetitionreferstoamarketinwhichnofirmor
consumerislargeenoughtoaffectthemarketprice.Theinvisiblehandtheoryis
abouteconomiesinwhichallthemarketsareperfectlycompetitive.Insuch
circumstances,marketswillproduceanefficientallocationofresources,sothataneconomyis
onitsproduction-possibilityfrontier.whenallindustriesaresubjecttothechecksandbalancesofperfect
competition,marketscanproduceanefficientbundleofproductswiththemostefficienttechniquesandusing
theminimumagainstamountofinputs.Butwhenmonopoliesbecomepervasive,theremarkableefficiencypropertiesoftheinvisibleeconomicphilosophy?
第_3页共14页
21.WhatisthepithofAdamSmith'seconomicphilosophy'!
A.Governmentshouldn'tinterveneintheeconomy.
B.Self-interestisthelife-lineofeconomicactivities.
C.Competitionwillbenefitthesocietyforconsumers'needsaretended.
D.Economicforcesshouldbeintendedtopromotepublicinterest.
22.Whatdoesthe"invisiblehand"referto?
A.Laissezfaire.
B.Supplyanddemand.
C.Self-interest.
D.Marketmechanism.
23.InSmith'sview,monopolies_____
A.willleadtheeconomytocessation
B.canhardlyrealizethechecksandbalancesofcompetition
C.maybrigaboutaviciouscircleofhighproductionandlowdemand
D.bothAandB
24.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat______
A.anefficiencyallocationofresourcescanonlybeachievedinafreemarket
B.perfectcompetitioncanberealizedinafreemarket
C.self-interestcanhelptomaximizeproductionandminimizeinputs
D.bothAandB
25.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?
A.AdamSmithWasVeryCriticalofMonopolies
B.ANation'sWealthWasNotDependentonAgricultureAlone
C.AdamSmithAndHis"InvisibleHand"Theory
D.EveryIndividualEndeavorstoEmployHisCapital
PassageTwo
Chemotherapyconcernstheuseofchemicalsordragstotreatdiseases.The
mainideainchemotherapyisthatcertainchemicalswillaffectapartofthebody
orthebacteriathatcausediseases.Beforechemotherapycoulddevelop,much
hadtobeknownaboutthehumanbody.Scientistshadtoknowwhatthepartsof
thebodywerebeforetheycouldknowwhichpartsofthebodymightbeaffected
byadrag.Also,scientistshadtoknowaboutphysiology.Finallytheyhadto
understandthecauseandnatureofthediseasethataffecthumanbeings.Infact,
allofthesethingshadalreadybeenstudiedinearliercenturies.Chemotherapy
wasabletodevelopasaresultofthehistoryofmedicine.
Twoimportantadvancesinchemotherapyoccurredduringthetwentieth
century.Thefirstofthesehastodowiththeuseofsulfadrags.Thesedragswere
discoveredbyGerhardRomagh,aGermanscientist,andLeonardColeman,an
Englishscientist.Thesulfadragswerefoundtobehelpfulagainstseveral
differentkindsofdiseases,oneofwhichwaspneumonia.Thesedragswere
foundandfirstputintouseinthe1930's.
Thesecondmajoradvanceinchemotherapyinvolvesthedevelopmentof
antibiotics.Antibioticsarechemicalsproducedbymicroorganismsorfungi.
Thesechemicalshelpcuremanydiseases.Thefirstandmostimportantantibiotic
wasfoundbyAlexanderFlemingin1928.Thisisthedrugknownaspenicillin.
PenicillinwasdevelopedfurtherbyHowardFloreyandotherscientistsatOxford
UniversityinEngland.Penicillinwasfoundtohaveavarietyofusesincuring
manydifferentkindsofdiseases.However,penicillindidnotcureallkindsof
diseases.Otherantibioticsweredevelopedafterpenicillinwasfoundtohe
ineffectiveinsomecases.Thenewantibioticshelpedtocuremanyotherdiseases
thatcouldnotbecuredwithpenicillin.
26.Chemotherapyconcerns\
A.theuseofchemicals
B.theuseofdrugs
C.theuseofchemicalsordragstotreatdiseases.
D.thecauseandnatureofthediseases
27.Chemotherapywasabletodevelop_.
A.becauseofdiseases
B.asaresultofthehistoryofmedicine
C.duetothestudiesofscientists
D.inresultofknowingaboutthe
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