供应链管理知识点.docx

供应链管理知识点.docx

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供应链管理知识点

Chapterl」roductiontoSupplyChainManagement

1.【supplychainThesystemofsuppliers,manufacturers,transportation,distributors,andvendorsthatexiststotransformrawmaterialstofinalproductsandsupplythoseproductstocustomers.

2.【supplychainmanagement!

SCMisabusinessnetworkcoveringfrombuying,making,moving,warehousingtoselling.

3.【Whatmakessupplychainmanagementdifficult?

Supplychainstrategiescannotbedeterminedinisolation.Theyaredirectlyaffectedbyanotherchainthatmostorganizationshave,thedevelopmentchain.

Itischallengingtodesignandoperateasupplychainsothattotalsystemwidecostsareminimized,andsystemwideservicelevelsaremaintained.

Uncertaintyandriskareinherentineverysupplychain.

4.【StrategiesforSCM

GlobalOptimization（全局优化）ManagingUncertainty（管理不确定性）

5.【WhyisGlobalOptimizationHard?

Thesupplychainisacomplexnetwork.

Differentfacilitiesinthesupplychainfrequentlyhavedifferent,conflictingobjectives.

Thesupplychainisadynamicsystem.

Systemvariationsovertime

6.【WhyIsUncertaintyHardtoDealWith?

Matchingsupplyanddemandisamajorchallenge.

Forecastingdoesn'tsolvetheproblem.

Inventoryandback-orderlevelstypicallyfluctuateconsiderablyacrossthesupplychain,evenwhencustomerdemandforspecificproductsdoesnotvarygreatly.

Demandisnottheonlysourceofuncertainty.

Recenttrendssuchasleanmanufacturing,outsourcing,andoffshoringthatfocusonreductionincreaseriskssignificantly.

7.【Thethreeprinciplesofallforecastingtechniques

Forecastingisalwayswrong.TheIongertheforecasthorizon,theworsetheforecast.Aggregateforecastsaremoreaccurate.

Chapter2」nventoryManagement,SupplyContractsandRiskPooling

1.【何时低（高）于平均需求lIfthecostofnotsellinganadditionalunitislargerthantheprofitfromsellinganadditionalunit,theoptimalquantityingeneralwillbelessthanaveragedemand,whileifthereverseistrue,theoptimalorderquantityingeneralwillbegreaterthanaveragedemand.

2.【平均需求与最优订货量的关系lTheoptimalorderquantityisnotnecessarilyequaltoaverage,orforecastdemand.

3.【Coefficientofvariation

Coefficientofvariation

TheStandarddeviationmeasurestheabsolutevariabilityofcustomerdemands,thecoefficientofvariationmeasuresvariabilityrelativetoaveragedemand.

4.【RiskPooling:

threecriticalpoints

Centralizinginventorycontrolreducesbothsafetystockandaverageinventorylevelforthesameservicelevel.

Thehigherthecoefficientofvariation,thegreaterthebenefitobtainedfromcentralizedsystems;thatis,thegreaterthebenefitfromriskPooling.

ThebenefitsfromriskPoolingdependonthebehaviorofdemandfromonemarketrelativetodemandfromanother.

5.【ForecastingMethods

Judgmentmethods（判断方法）Marketresearchmethods（市场研究方法）

TimeSeriesmethods（时间序列方法）Causalmethods（因果方法）

以上为定性方法，为定量方法。

6.【InventoryManagemen'controllingmethods

Continuousreviewpolicy（持续检查策略）Periodicreviewpolicy（定期检查策略）

7.【（s,S）PolicyWhenevertheinventorypositiondropsbelowacertainlevel,s,weordertoraisetheinventorypositiontolevelS.

（s,S的计算：

Thereorderpoint（s）hastwocomponents:

a.Toaccountforaveragedemandduringleadtime:

LTAVG

b.Toaccountfordeviationsfromaverage（wecallthissafetystock）:

zSTD—

wherezischosenfromstatisticaltablestoensurethattheprobabilityofstockoutsduringleadtimeis100%-SL.

Sincethereisafixedcost,weordermorethanuptothereorderpoint:

Q=

Thetotalorder-up-tolevelis:

S=Q+s

注:

AVG=averagedailydemand

STD=standarddeviationofdailydemand

LT=replenishmentleadtimeindays

h=holdingcostofoneunitforoneday

SL=servicelevel（forexample,95%）.Thisimpliesthattheprobabilityof

Stockingoutis100%-SL（forexample,5%）

K=fixedcost

Also,theInventoryPositionatanytimeistheactualinventoryplusitemsalreadyordered,butnotyetdelivered.

8.【JudgmentMethods

Assembletheopinionofexperts

Salesforcecompositecombinessalespeople'se销售人员汇集意见）

Panelsofexperts-internal,external,both（专家座谈）

Delphimethod（德尔菲方法）：

a.Eachmembersurveyed

b.Opinionsarecompiled

c.Eachmemberisgiventheopportunitytochangehisopinion.

9.【SupplyContracts

Buy-BackContracts回购合同）：

Theselleragreestobuybackunsoldgoodsfromthebuyerforsomeagreed-uponpricehigherthanthesalvagevalue.

Revenue-SharingContracts收入共享合同）：

Thebuyersharessomeofitsrevenuewiththeseller,inreturnforadiscountonthewholesaleprice.

GlobalOptimizationContracts（全局优化合同）：

Thisunbiaseddecisionmakerwouldconsiderthetwosupplychainpartners,thesupplierandthebuyer,astwomembersofthesameorganization.Thatis,thetransferofmoneybetweenthepartiesisignoredandtheunbiaseddecisionmakerwillmaximizesupplychainprofit.

QuantityFlexibilityContracts（数量灵活合同）：

Supplierprovidesfullrefundforreturneditemsaslongasthenumberofreturnsisnolargerthanacertainquantity.

SalesRebateContracts（销售回扣合同）：

Supplierprovidesadirectincentivetotheretailertoincreasesalesbymeansofarebatepaidbythesupplierforanyitemsoldaboveacertainquantity.

Chapter3.LogisticsNetworkConfiguration

1.【物流网络配置】

2.【数据处理】

3.【网络技术】

4.【SolutionTechnique】s

Mathematicaloptimizationtechniques:

a.Exactalgorithms:

findoptimalsolutions（准确算法）

b.Heuristics:

find“good”solutions,notnecessarilyopti（a启发式算法）

Simulationmodels:

provideamechanismtoevaluatespecifieddesignalternativescreatedbythedesigner.

Chapter4.TheValueofInformation

1.【“Inmodernsupplychains,informationreplacesinvento】ryIthinkitis”truebecauseinformation:

HelpsreducevariabilityHelpsimproveforecastsEnablescoordinationofsystemsandstrategiesImprovescustomerserviceFacilitatesleadtimereductionsEnablesfirmstoreactmorequicklytochangingmarketconditions.

2.【WhatistheBullwhipEffect?

】Ordervariabilityisamplified（放大）thesupplychain;upstreamechelons（梯度）facehighervariability.

3.【WhatarethecausestheBullwhipEffec】t?

Promotionalsales：

Forwardbuying

Volumeandtransportationdiscounts：

Batching

Inflatedorders：

IBMAptivaordersincreasedby2-3timeswhenretailersthoughtthatIBMwouldbeoutofstockoverChristmas

Demandforecasting：

Order-up-topointsaremodifiedasforecastschange-ordersincreasemorethanforecasts

Longcycletimes：

Longleadtimesmagnifythiseffect

4.【MethodsforCopingwiththeBullwhipEffe】ct

Reduceuncertainty：

POS;Sharinginformation;Sharingforecastsandpolicies

Reducevariability：

Eliminatepromotions;Year-roundlowpricing

Reduceleadtimes：

EDI;Crossdocking

Strategicpartnerships：

Vendormanagedinventory（VMI）;Datasharing

5.【集中信息】

Chapter5.SupplyChainIntegration

1.【SupplyChainStrategi】es

PushStrategies：

特点：

a.Productiondecisionsbasedonlong-termforecasts

b.Orderingdecisionsbasedoninventory&forecasts

缺点：

a.Inabilitytomeetchangingdemandpatterns.

b.Theobsolescenceofsupplychaininventoryasdemandforcertainproductsdisappears.

c.Thebullwhipeffect:

Excessiveinventory（库存过多）,ExcessiveproductionvariabilityPoorservicelevels

PullStrategies：

特点：

Productionisdemanddriven

a.Productionanddistributioncoordinatedwithtruecustomerdemand

b.Firmsrespondtospecificorders

a.

b.

c.

d.

优点：

Reducedleadtimes（betteranticipation）

Decreasedinventorylevelsatretailersandmanufacturers

Decreasedsystemvariability

Betterresponsetochangingmarkets

缺点：

a.Hardertoleverageeconomiesofscale

b.Doesn'tworkinallcases

Push-PullSupplyChains

CharacteristicsandSkills

Chapter6.StrategicAlliances

1.【StrategicAllianceiSStrategicalliancesaretypicallymultifaceted侈方位的）,goal-oriented,Iong-termpartnershipsbetweentwocompaniesinwhichbothrisksandrewardsareshared.

2.【Thealliancewillhelpaddressthefollowingiss】es

Addingvaluetoproducts（增加产品价值）

Improvingmarketaccess（改善市场进入）

Strengtheningoperations（强化运作管理）

Addingtechnologicalstrength（增强技术力量）

Enhancingstrategicgrowth（促进战略成长）

Enhancingorganizationalskills（提高组织技能）

Buildingfinancialstrength（建立财务优势）

3.【TypesofStrategicPartnering

MainCharacteristicsofSP

ICriteria

Types

DecisionXldker

InventoryOwu^rsLi

P

NevSkillsEmployedbyVendors

Quick

Ketailer

Retailer

ForecastingSkills

Coiitiauous

Repkuislinieiii

ContractuallyAgreedtoLe%-els

Either

Party

Forecast!

口电&In矿entoryControl

AdtaucMlContiuuoujRqpktikliment

Contracruallyagreedto&CcntLfiuoviElylmprcn?

edLevels

EitherParty

roreeastirigArlnvetttor>_Control

\'endor

Either

Party

Retail

Managemerrt

4.【AdvantagesofS】

Fullyutilizesystemknowledge

Decreaserequiredinventorylevels

Improveservicelevels

Decreaseworkduplication

Improveforecasts

5.【DisadvantagesofS】PExpensiveadvancedtechnologyisrequired.Supplier/retailertrustmustbedeveloped.Supplierresponsibilityincreases.Expensesatthesupplieroftenincrease.

6.【Whataretheadvantagesof3PL】?

FocusoncorestrengthsProvidestechnologicalflexibilityProvidesOtherflexibilityingeography，workforcesize，additionalservicesandresourceflexibility

7.【Whatarethedisadvantagesof3P】L?

Lossofcontrol3PLemployeesmayinteractwithcustomersSharingofconfidentialinfo

Chapter7.ProcurementandOutsourcing

1.【OutsourcingBenefit】sEconomiesofscalereducemanufacturingcosts

Riskpooling-demanduncertaintiesaretransferredReducecapitalinvestmentFocusoncorecompetencyIncreasedflexibility