答案.docx
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答案.docx
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答案
Unlimitedsourceofexpressions.
2)Productivity
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencesthattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.Theycansendmessageswhichnooneelsehaseversentbefore.
Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlyrestrictedwithrespecttothenumberofdifferentsignalsthattheiruserscansendandreceive.
3)Duality
Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless,discrete,individualsounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbecombinedaccordingtorulesintounitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords,which,atthehigherlevel, canbearrangedintosentences.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevencomesneartopossessingit.
4)Displacement
Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Animalcallsaremainlyutteredinresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.
5)Culturaltransmission
Humanbeingswerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,butthedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmittedorpasseddownbyinstinct.Theyhavetobetaughtandlearned, butanimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.
63. Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?
Traditionalgram-marisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsgrammaticalrulesandimposestherulesonlanguageusers.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;Itcollectsauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedataandthenitstudiesanddescribesthedatainanobjectiveandscientificway.
64. Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?
ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisthestudyofthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.
65. Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?
First,thespokenformispriortothewrit-tenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromthespokenformoflanguage.
Second,thespokenformplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyedanditservesawiderrangeofpurposes
Finally,thespokenformisthemediumthroughwhichweacquireourmothertongue.
66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?
Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamouslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable;itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?
AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky, performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.
68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?
AlthoughSaussure’sdistinctionandChomsky’sareverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamaterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviesandtohim,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.
69. Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?
Why?
Languageisarbitraryinnature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary,becausetherearealimitednumberofwordswhoseconnectionsbetweenformsandmeaningscanbelogicallyexplainedtoacertainextent,forexample,theonomatopoeia,wordswhicharecoinedonthebasisofimitationofsoundsbysoundssuchasbang,crash,etc..Takecompoundsforanotherexample.Thetwoelements “photo”and“copy”in“photocopy”arenon-motivated,butthecompoundisnotarbitrary.
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F
11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.T 20.T
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21.Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24.tongue 25.place
26.stop 27.Suprasegmental 28.sequential29.narrow30.intonation
31.Phonology 32.oral 33.Tone 34.sentence
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D44.D
IV.Definethetermsbelow:
45.phonology:
Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
46.phoneme:
Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.
47.allophone:
Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
48.internationalphoneticalphabet:
Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.
49.intonation:
Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.
50.phonetics:
Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages
51.auditoryphonetics:
Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehear-er.
52.acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.
53.phone:
Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.
54.phonemiccontrast:
Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonemiccontrast.
55.tone:
Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.
56.minimalpair:
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveex-amplesforillustrationifnecessary:
57. Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting?
1) Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.
2) Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.
3) Speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlateratschool.
58. Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels?
1) Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,centralandbackintermsofthepositionofthetongueinthemouth.
2) Accordingtohowwideourmouthisopened,weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups:
closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowels,andopenvowels.
3) Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelsaredividedintoroundedvowelsandunroundedvowels.
4) TheEnglishvowelscanalsobeclassifiedintolongvowelsandshortvowelsaccordingtothelengthofthesound.
59. Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?
Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itis
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