专八改错练习及答案.docx
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专八改错练习及答案.docx
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专八改错练习及答案
2011年5月
1.
Oneimportantoutcomeoftheworkontheexpressionofgenesindevelopingembryosissuretobeknowledgethatcanhelppreventingbirthdefects.Justaspromising(26)isthepossibilityofunravelingthecomplicatedwriting(27)ofthebrain.Amechanicgetsvaluableinsighthowan(28)automobileworksbyrebuildingcarengines;similarly,neuroscientistscanlearnhowthebrainfunctionsfrom(29)thewayitisputtogether.Thenextsteppursuingthe(30)goalistofindouthowtheblueprintgenes,thehomeboxgenes,controltheexpressionofothergenesthatcreatethevalvesandpistonoftheworkingcerebralengine.
Theproteinencodedbythelattergenescouldchangethe(31)stickinessofthecellsurface,theshapeofthecelloritsmetabolismtocreatethecharacteristicpeculiarto,say,neuronsorneural-crestcell.Surfaceproteinsmaybethe(32)mechanism,wherebysimilarprogrammedcellssticktogethertoformspecificstructures;theymightalsosense(33)thelocalenvironmenttohelpthecelldecidewhatistodo.
Clarifyingthosemechanismswillengagethebesttalentsin(34)embryologyandmolecularbiologyforsometimestocome.(35)Whatisperhapsthemostintriguingquestionofallisifthebrainispowerfulenoughtosolvethepuzzleofitsowncreation.
2.
Citiescanbefrightenedplaces.Themajorityofthepopulationliveinnoisymassivetowerblocks.__1__
Thesenseofbelongingtoacommunitytendstoappearwhenyoulivethirtyfloorsupinaskyscraper.__2__
Strangeenough,whereasinthepasttheinhabitantsofonestreetallkneweachother,__3__
nowadayspeopleonthesamefloorintowerblocksevensayhellotoeachother.__4__
Countrylife,ontheotherhand,differsfromthiskindofisolatedexistenceinthatasenseofcommunitygenerallykeeptheinhabitantsofasmallvillagetogether.__5__
Peoplehavetheadvantageofknowingthatthereisalwayssomeonetoturntowhentheyneedhelp.
Socountrylifehasdisadvantagestoo.Forexample,shoppingbecomesamajorproblemand__6__foranythingslightlyoutoftheordinaryyouhavetogoforanexpeditiontothenearestlargetown.__7__
Thecountryhasthe advantageofpeacefulandquiet,butsuffersfromtheisadvantagesofbeingcutoff.__8__
Thecityhasnoiseandpopulationwhichdoharmtohumanhealth.Butoneof theirmainadvantagesisthat__9__youareatthecentreofthingsandthatlifedoesn’tcometoanendevenattenatnight.Somepeoplehavefoundacompromisebe-tweenthetwo:
theyexpressedtheirpreferenceforthe quietlifebyleavingforthecityandmovingtothe__10__countrywithincommutingdistanceofthelargecity.
3、
Successfulagingisapsychologicalfeat.Fearfordeath,forexample,maysometimesoppressyou.__1__
evenwhenthisissuccessfullyovercome,thereisstillsomethingforyoutodealwith-loneliness.
Lonelinesscanspeedyourdemisenomatterconscientiouslyyoucareforyourbody.__2__
“Wegothroughlifesurroundedbyprotectiveconvoysofothers,”saysRobertKahn,
apsychologistoftheUniversityofMichiganwhostudiedthehealtheffectsofcompanionship.__3__
“Peoplewhomanagetomaintainanetworkofsocialsupportdobest.”Onestudyofelderly
heart-attackpatientsfoundthatthosewithtwoormorecloseassociationsenjoyedtwice__4__
theone-yearsurvivalrateofthosewhowerecompletelyalone.Companionshipaside,
healthyoldstersseemtoshareaknackformanagingstress,poisonthatcontributesmeasurablytoheartdisease,__5__
cancerandaccidents.Researchershavealsobeenkinkedsuccessfulagingtomentalstimulation.__6__
Anidlebrainwilldeterioratejustassureasanunusedleg,__7__
notesDr.GeneCohen,HeadofthegerontologycenteratGeorgeashingtonUniversity.
Butjustasexercisecanpreventmuscleatrophy,mentalchallengesseemtopreserve__8__
boththemindandtheimmunesystem.Butwhatmostimpressesresearchers
whostudytheoldestoldishissimpledriveandresilience.“Peoplewhoreach100arenotquitters,”__9__
saysAdleroftheNationalCentenarianAwarenessProject.“Theysharearemarkable
abilitytorenegotiatelifeineveryturn,toaccepttheinevitablelossesAndmoveon.”__10__
4
IntheUnitedStatesthereare,strictspeaking,__1__
nonationalholiday,foreachstatemust,throughlegislativeenactmentorexecutiveproclamation,__2__
appointthedaywhicheachholidayiscelebrated.Congressandthepresidentmayestablishlegalholidays__3__
fortheDistrictofColumbiaandforfederalemployeesthroughoutthestatesandterritories;
andbylongcustom,daysthatreceivenationwideobservation,suchasChristmas,Thanksgiving,__4__
LaborDay,IndependentDay,andNewYear’sDay,areuniformlyset__5__
apartbyallstatesaslegal,orpublicholidays.In1968,federallegislationestablishedColumbiaDay__6__
asalegalholidayfortheDistrictofColumbiaandforthefederalgovernmentbeginningat1971.__7__
Thelawalsoprovidedbegunin1971federalemployeeswouldbegranted__8__
three-daysweekendsbyobservingWashington’sBirthdayonthethirdMondayinFebruary,__9__
MemorialDayonthelastMondayinMay,ColumbusDayonthesecondMondayinOctober,
andVeteranDayontheforthMondayonOctober.By1971,mostofthestatesalsoadoptedthenewdates.__10__
5、
OneofourmainargumentsisthatweinWesterncountriesactuallyhaveparttoplayincausingthe__1__
problemsoftheThirdWorld.ManyThirdWorld countriesaresaddlewithimmensedebtburdens,for__2__
example.Theywerelentmoneywithlowinterestratesinthe1970s,whenmoneyfloodedintoWesternbanks__3__
fromtheoil-producingcountriesandwaslentouttotheThirdWorld.Theinterestrateshavethenbeenrisen__4__
dramatically.Soyouhaveasituationwhereacountryinmanycasescan’tevenrepaytheinterest,lettingalone__5__
thecapital,onthedebt.AndIsupposethebestexamplefromwhatIhavecomeacrossisacountryin
WestAfricawheretheconsumption,thelocalconsumptionofpeanutswasbanned,becausepeanuts,
iftheyareimportedcanbringinagreatdealofforeignincome.Thepeanutisamajorsourceof__6__
proteininthiscountry.Soyouhavepeoplegohungryasaresultofthat.__7__
ThepeanutswereexportedtoGreatBritainandtheUnitedStatestofeedourcattle.Thosecattlethenproduced
asurplusofmilkwhichwedonotknowwhattodowith.Wehaveenoughmilk,moremilkthanwecancope
withintheWesternWorld.Andalsothatmilkwastransformedintodriedmilkpowderandthentakenbacktothiscountry__8__
tohelpfeedchildrenwhoweresufferingfrommalnutrition.Sothat’sthekindofinsanelyeconomicrelationship__9__
thatwehavegotourselvesintheThirdWorld.__10__
6
Exerciseisoneofthefewfactorswithapositiveroleinlong-termmaintenanceofbodyweight.Unfortunately,
thatmessagehasnotgottenthroughtotheaverageAmerican,thatwouldrathertryswitchingto__1__
"light"beerandlow-caloriebreadthanincreasephysical exertion.TheCentersforDiseaseControl,forexample,
found thatfewerthanone-fourthofoverweightadultsweretryingtoshed__2__
poundssaidtheywerecombiningexercisewiththeirdiet.
Inrejectingexercise,somepeoplemaybediscouragedtoomuchbycalorie-expendingcharts;__3__
forexample,onewouldhavetobrisklywalkthreemilesjusttoworkthe275caloriesinone__4__
deliciousDanishpastry.Evenexerciseprofessionalsconcedehalfapointhere.
"Exerciseinitselfisaverytoughwaytoloseweight,"saysYorkOnnen,__5__
theprogramdirectorofthePresident'sCouncilonPhysicalFitnessandSports.__6__
Therefore,exercise'ssupportingroleinweightreductionisvital.__7__
AstudyattheBostonUniversityMedicalCenterofoverweightpolice officersandotherpublic
employeesconfirmedthatthosewhodietwithoutexerciseregainedalmostalltheiroldweight,__8__
whilethose whoworkedexerciseintotheirdailyroutinemaintainedtheirnew weight.
Ifyoudecidetostartwalkingonemileaday,theaddedexercise couldburn
anextra100caloriesdaily.Inayear'stime,assumednoincreasein__9__
foodtaken,youcouldlosetenpounds.Byincreasingthedistanceofyourwalksgradually__10__
andmakingotherdietaryadjustments,youmayloseevenmoreweight
7
HenryFielding,thefamousnovelistwhowasalso
26)aLondonmagistrate,oncemadeanightraidtotwoknownhideoutsinthiscity-within-a-city;hefoundsevenmen,women,andchildrenpackedawayinafewtiny
27)stinkingrooms.Allofthesepeople,includedlittlechildrenoffiveandsixwhoweretrainedaspick-pockets,werewantedforcrime.Conditionslikethesebredmorecriminals.Oneofthe
28)typicalcaseswasthatJackShepard,whoseexecutionin1724waswatchedbytwohundredthousandpeople.Shepard,thesonofhonestworkingpeople,wasan
29)apprenticeinarespectfultrade.Heranawayfromitbecausehefanciedthathehadbeenill-treated,andsoon
30)founditwaseasytomakemoremoneybythieving
31)ashisfatherhaddonebyalifetimeofhonestwork.
32)InShepard’sdayhighwaymencommittedrobberiesatbroaddaylight,insightofacrowd,androdesolemnlyand
33)triumphantlythroughthetownwithdangerofmolestation.Iftheywerechased,twentyorthirtyarmedmenwereready
34)tocometotheirassistance.Murderwasaeverydayaffair,
35)andthereweremanypeoplewhomadeheroesfromthemurderers.
8
Ithinkitistruetosayingthat,ingeneral,languageteachers(26)
havepaidlittleattentiontothewaysentencesareusedincombinationtof
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