William Wordsworth.docx
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William Wordsworth.docx
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WilliamWordsworth
WilliamWordsworth
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
"Wordsworth"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeWordsworth(disambiguation).
FortheScottishcomposer,seeWilliamWordsworth(composer).
WilliamWordsworth
PortraitofWilliamWordsworthbyBenjaminRobertHaydon(NationalPortraitGallery).
Born7April1770
WordsworthHouse,Cockermouth,England
Died23April1850(aged80)
Cumberland,England
OccupationPoet
LiterarymovementRomanticism
Notablework(s)LyricalBallads,PoemsinTwoVolumes,TheExcursion
WilliamWordsworth(7April1770–23April1850)wasamajorEnglishRomanticpoetwho,withSamuelTaylorColeridge,helpedtolaunchtheRomanticAgeinEnglishliteraturewiththe1798jointpublicationLyricalBallads.
Wordsworth'smagnumopusisgenerallyconsideredtobeThePrelude,asemiautobiographicalpoemofhisearlyyearswhichherevisedandexpandedanumberoftimes.Itwasposthumouslytitledandpublished,priortowhichitwasgenerallyknownasthepoem"toColeridge".WordsworthwasBritain'sPoetLaureatefrom1843untilhisdeathin1850.
Contents[hide]
1Earlylife
2RelationshipwithAnnetteVallon
3FirstpublicationandLyricalBallads
4TheBorderers
5GermanyandmovetotheLakeDistrict
6Marriageandchildren
7AutobiographicalworkandPoemsinTwoVolumes
8TheProspectus
9ThePoetLaureateandotherhonours
10Death
11Majorworks
12Furtherreading
13Seealso
14References
15Externallinks
[edit]Earlylife
Mainarticle:
EarlylifeofWilliamWordsworth
ThesecondoffivechildrenborntoJohnWordsworthandAnnCookson,WilliamWordsworthwasbornon7April1770inWordsworthHouseinCockermouth,Cumberland[1]—partofthescenicregioninnorthwestEngland,theLakeDistrict.Hissister,thepoetanddiaristDorothyWordsworth,towhomhewascloseallhislife,wasbornthefollowingyear,andthetwowerebaptisedtogether.Theyhadthreeothersiblings:
Richard,theeldest,whobecamealawyer;John,bornafterDorothy,whowenttoseaanddiedin1805whentheshipofwhichhewasMaster,EarlofAbergavennywaswreckedoffthesouthcoastofEngland;andChristopher,theyoungest,whoenteredtheChurchandrosetobeMasterofTrinityCollege,Cambridge.[2]TheirfatherwasalegalrepresentativeofJamesLowther,1stEarlofLonsdaleand,throughhisconnections,livedinalargemansioninthesmalltown.Wordsworth,aswithhissiblings,hadlittleinvolvementwiththeirfather,andtheywouldbedistantfromhimuntilhisdeathin1783.[3]
Wordsworth'sfather,althoughrarelypresent,didteachhimpoetry,includingthatofMilton,ShakespeareandSpenser,inadditiontoallowinghissontorelyonhisownfather'slibrary.AlongwithspendingtimereadinginCockermouth,Wordsworthwouldalsostayathismother'sparentshouseinPenrith,Cumberland.AtPenrith,Wordsworthwasexposedtothemoors.Wordsworthcouldnotgetalongwithhisgrandparentsandhisuncle,andhishostileinteractionswiththemdistressedhimtothepointofcontemplatingsuicide.[4]
Afterthedeathoftheirmother,in1778,JohnWordsworthsentWilliamtoHawksheadGrammarSchoolinLancashireandDorothytolivewithrelativesinYorkshire;sheandWilliamwouldnotmeetagainforanothernineyears.AlthoughHawksheadwasWordsworth'sfirstseriousexperiencewitheducation,hehadbeentaughttoreadbyhismotherandhadattendedatinyschooloflowqualityinCockermouth.AftertheCockermouthschool,hewassenttoaschoolinPenrithforthechildrenofupper-classfamiliesandtaughtbyAnnBirkett,awomanwhoinsistedoninstillinginherstudentstraditionsthatincludedpursuingbothscholarlyandlocalactivities,especiallythefestivalsaroundEaster,MayDay,andShroveTuesday.WordsworthwastaughtboththeBibleandtheSpectator,butlittleelse.ItwasattheschoolthatWordsworthwastomeettheHutchinsons,includingMary,whowouldbehisfuturewife.[5]
Wordsworthmadehisdebutasawriterin1787whenhepublishedasonnetinTheEuropeanMagazine.ThatsameyearhebeganattendingStJohn'sCollege,Cambridge,andreceivedhisB.A.degreein1791.[6]HereturnedtoHawksheadforhisfirsttwosummerholidays,andoftenspentlaterholidaysonwalkingtours,visitingplacesfamousforthebeautyoftheirlandscape.In1790,hetookawalkingtourofEurope,duringwhichhetouredtheAlpsextensively,andvisitednearbyareasofFrance,Switzerland,andItaly.
[edit]RelationshipwithAnnetteVallon
InNovember1791,WordsworthvisitedRevolutionaryFranceandbecameenthralledwiththeRepublicanmovement.HefellinlovewithaFrenchwoman,AnnetteVallon,whoin1792gavebirthtotheirchild,Caroline.BecauseoflackofmoneyandBritain'stensionswithFrance,hereturnedalonetoEnglandthenextyear.[7]ThecircumstancesofhisreturnandhissubsequentbehaviourraisedoubtsastohisdeclaredwishtomarryAnnette,buthesupportedherandhisdaughterasbesthecouldinlaterlife.TheReignofTerrorestrangedhimfromtheRepublicanmovement,andwarbetweenFranceandBritainpreventedhimfromseeingAnnetteandCarolineagainforseveralyears.TherearestrongsuggestionsthatWordsworthmayhavebeendepressedandemotionallyunsettledinthemid-1790s.[citationneeded]
WiththePeaceofAmiensagainallowingtraveltoFrance,in1802Wordsworthandhissister,Dorothy,visitedAnnetteandCarolineinCalais.ThepurposeofthevisitwastopavethewayforhisforthcomingmarriagetoMaryHutchinson,andamutuallyagreeablesettlementwasreachedregardingWordsworth'sobligations.[7]Afterwardshewrotethepoem"Itisabeauteousevening,calmandfree,"recallinghisseasidewalkwithhisdaughter,whomhehadnotseenfortenyears.Attheconceptionofthispoem,hehadneverseenhisdaughterbefore.Theoccurringlinesrevealhisdeeploveforbothchildandmother.
[edit]FirstpublicationandLyricalBallads
Wordsworthin1798,aboutthetimehebeganThePrelude.[8]
Inhis"PrefacetoLyricalBallads",whichiscalledthe"manifesto"ofEnglishRomanticcriticism,Wordsworthcallshispoems"experimental."Theyear1793sawWordsworth'sfirstpublishedpoetrywiththecollectionsAnEveningWalkandDescriptiveSketches.Hereceivedalegacyof£900fromRaisleyCalvertin1795sothathecouldpursuewritingpoetry.Thatyear,hemetSamuelTaylorColeridgeinSomerset.Thetwopoetsquicklydevelopedaclosefriendship.In1797,WordsworthandhissisterDorothymovedtoAlfoxtonHouse,Somerset,justafewmilesawayfromColeridge'shomeinNetherStowey.Together,WordsworthandColeridge(withinsightsfromDorothy)producedLyricalBallads(1798),animportantworkintheEnglishRomanticmovement.ThevolumegaveneitherWordsworth'snorColeridge'snameasauthor.OneofWordsworth'smostfamouspoems,"TinternAbbey",waspublishedinthework,alongwithColeridge's"TheRimeoftheAncientMariner".Thesecondedition,publishedin1800,hadonlyWordsworthlistedastheauthor,andincludedaprefacetothepoems,whichwasaugmentedsignificantlyinthe1802edition.ThisPrefacetoLyricalBalladsisconsideredacentralworkofRomanticliterarytheory.Init,Wordsworthdiscusseswhatheseesastheelementsofanewtypeofpoetry,onebasedonthe"reallanguageofmen"andwhichavoidsthepoeticdictionofmuch18th-centurypoetry.Here,Wordsworthgiveshisfamousdefinitionofpoetryas"thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings:
ittakesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility."AfourthandfinaleditionofLyricalBalladswaspublishedin1805.
[edit]TheBorderers
From1795to1797,hewrotehisonlyplay,TheBorderers,aversetragedyduringthereignofKingHenryIIIofEnglandwhenEnglishmenofthenorthcountrywereinconflictwithScottishrovers.WordsworthattemptedtogettheplaystagedinNovember1797,butitwasrejectedbyThomasHarris,theatremanagerofCoventGarden,whoproclaimedit"impossiblethattheplayshouldsucceedintherepresentation".TherebuffwasnotreceivedlightlybyWordsworth,andtheplaywasnotpublisheduntil1842,aftersubstantialrevision.[9]
[edit]GermanyandmovetotheLakeDistrict
Wordsworth,DorothyandColeridgetravelledtoGermanyintheautumnof1798.WhileColeridgewasintellectuallystimulatedbythetrip,itsmaineffectonWordsworthwastoproducehomesickness.[7]Duringtheharshwinterof1798–99,WordsworthlivedwithDorothyinGoslar,and,despiteextremestressandloneliness,hebeganworkonanautobiographicalpiecelatertitledThePrelude.Hewroteanumberoffamouspoems,including"TheLucypoems".HeandhissistermovedbacktoEngland,nowtoDoveCottageinGrasmereintheLakeDistrict,andthistimewithfellowpoetRobertSoutheynearby.Wordsworth,ColeridgeandSoutheycametobeknownasthe"LakePoets".[10]Throughthisperiod,manyofhispoemsrevolvearoundthemesofdeath,endurance,separationandgrief.
[edit]Marriageandchildren
In1802,afterWordsworth'sreturnfromhistriptoFrancewithDorothytovisitAnnetteandCaroline,Lowther'sheir,WilliamLowther,1stEarlofLonsdale,paidthe₤4,000debtowedtoWordsworth'sfatherincurredthroughLowther'sfailuretopayhisaide.[11]Laterthatyear,Wordsworthmarriedachildhoodfriend,MaryHutchinson.[7]DorothycontinuedtolivewiththecoupleandgrewclosetoMary.Thefollowingyear,Marygavebirthtothefirstoffivechildren,twoofwhompredeceasedWilliamandMary:
JohnWordsworth(18June1803–1875).Marriedfourtimes:
IsabellaCurwen(d.1848)hadsixchildren:
Jane,Henry,William,John,CharlesandEdward.
HelenRoss(d.1854).Nochildren
MaryAnnDolan(d.after1858)hadonedaughterDora(b.1858).
MaryGamble.Nochild
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