从礼貌策略角度分析商务信函的语言特点毕业作品.docx
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从礼貌策略角度分析商务信函的语言特点毕业作品.docx
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从礼貌策略角度分析商务信函的语言特点毕业作品
英语
从礼貌策略角度分析商务信函的语言特点
ExploringLinguisticFeaturesofBusinessCorrespondencesfromthePerspectiveofPolitenessStrategies
摘要
基于布朗和莱文森的“面子理论”,本文的目的是通过分析运用于某些特定的商务信函的礼貌策略,来探究一些常用的语言特点,比如模糊语与情态动词,虚拟语气,语气修饰词,设问句,非人称化及名词化句式,被动句与肯定句的运用等等。
文中作者分别选取了面子理论中积极和消极策略中使用较频繁的两种和六种次策略,如属于积极范畴的注意对方的兴趣,需求;夸大对对方的兴趣,同情与赞同,和属于消极范畴的:
话语的习惯间接性;模糊语;使对对方的强迫性最小化;要求对方动作的非人称化和名词化等。
每种次策略在商务信函中的使用都会呈现出相应的语言特色。
本文的作者准备通过列举信函中巧妙使用这些策略的优秀句式,来概括出这些语言特点。
关键字:
商务信函;面子;礼貌策略;语言特点
Abstract
BasedonBrown&Levinson’sface-savingtheory,byanalyzingthepolitenessstrategiesappliedinsomekindofbusinessletters,thethesisistoseekthelinguisticfeaturesofthem,suchasthefrequentuseofhedges,modelauxiliaries,subjunctivemood,intonationmodifiers,questions,initiativeandassertivesentences,passivevoices,theindefinitepronounsandnounformoftheactetc.Twooutoffourteenpositivestrategiesandsixoutoftennegativestrategies,whicharemostfrequentlyusedintwospecificletters,areselectedtodemonstratethelinguisticfeatures.Inthepositivedimension,strategiesareknownasnoticingandattendingtoH’sinterests,needs,andexaggerationofH’sinterest,approvalandsympathy.Inthenegativedimension,strategiesincludebeingconventionallyindirect,hedging,beingpessimistic,minimizationoftheimposition,impersonalizationandnominalizationoftheactetc.Theauthoristosummarizethecorrespondinglinguisticfeaturesbyexemplifyingtheperfectsentencesfrombusinessletterswhichapplythemostproperandreasonablestrategies.
Keywords:
businessletters,face,politenessstrategies,linguisticfeatures
Contents
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..Ⅱ
1Introduction
1.1Purposeofthewriting
SinceChinaenteredtheWTOin2001,allregionshaveobtainedalotofopportunitiesindoingtradewithforeigncustomers,especiallythecoastalareas.Duringthelastdecade,China’seconomyhasbeendevelopingatanamazinglyfastspeed,whichispartlyduetothegrowthofinternationaltrade.Thus,itisofgreatsignificancetomaintaingoodbusinessrelationshipwithforeigncustomers.However,consideringthenatureofthebusinessthatpeoplecan’tmeetfacetofacefrequently,lotsofthenegotiationsaredonethroughbusinessletters.Thenapolite,well-writtenlettercountsalotinconcludingthedealsuccessfully.
ThetheoreticalframeworkistheFace-savingtheorycarriedoutbyBrownP.andLevinsonS.C.intheiressaynamed“Politeness:
SomeUniversalsinLanguageUsage”.Sincethen,alotofscholarsinthelinguisticfieldhaveappliedthetheoryintoallkindsoffieldstotestitsfeasibility,suchasadvertising,tourism,secondlanguageteachingandlearningetc.Fromathoroughstudyofthepapersandessayspublishedbyourinlandscholarsandstudents,itcanbefoundthatmostofthemputtheirfocusonhowthefivepolitenessstrategiesareemployedindifferentcultures.Itisstillraretoexplorethelinguisticfeaturesinthecompetitiveandconflictivelettersfromtheperspectiveofpolitenessstrategies.Thusthispaperaimstoanalyzethetwokindsoflettersfromtheperspectiveofpolitenessstrategies,andthentosummarizethelinguisticfeaturesfrequentlyusedinthetwospecifickindsofletters,suchasthefrequentuseofhedges,indefinitepronouns,passivevoice,interrogatesentences,subjunctiveandaffirmativesentencesetc.
Ihopetheselinguisticprincipleswillserveasaguideforthosewhoaretodointernationaltradeandengagedinmakingbusinesscorrespondencewithpeoplearoundtheglobe.
1.2Literaturereview
ThetheoreticalframeworkistheFace-savingtheorycarriedoutbyBrownP.andLevinsonS.C.intheiressaynamed“Politeness:
SomeUniversalsinLanguageUsage”.Sincethen,alotofscholarsinthelinguisticfieldhaveappliedthetheoryintoallkindsoffieldstotestitsfeasibility,suchasadvertising,tourism,secondlanguageteachingandlearningetc.Andalsotakingintoaccounttherequirementforpolitenessandeleganceofthewordinginbusinessletters,therehavealreadybeenagreatnumberofscholarsinandoutofthecountrypublishingpapersontopicsrelatedtothistheory.
Themajorityofthemfocusonthecomparisonofpolitenessstrategiesusedinbusinesslettersofdifferentcultures.Fromthisperspective,essaysincludeCaiXian’e’s“PolitenessStrategiesinChineseandEnglishBusinessLetters”(2003),RongYu’en’s“TheComparisonofPolitenessStrategiesinChineseandEnglishBusinessLetters”(2010).Fromtheperspectiveoftestingthefeasibilityofpolitenessstrategiesinbusinessletters,papersinclude“thePragmaticStudyofPolitenessStrategiesinEnglishBusinessLetters”byXiaXiaoying(2006),“thePragmaticStudyofPolitenessStrategiesintheLettersofCancellation”byDingYing(2008),“theComparisonofPolitenessStrategiesinTraditionalBusinessLettersandBusinessE-mails”byPengLinxiaandHuangLi(2006).Somescholarsinthisfieldalsopublishedessaysinseekingthelinguisticfeaturesofbusinessfeatures,suchas“TheStudyontheChoiceofWordsinBusinessLetterswiththeConcernforPoliteness”byWeiJun(2008),“theWritingofEnglishBusinessLettersunderthePrincipleofYou-Attitude”byPanLihong(2007).
2Brown&Levinson’s“Face-saving”Theory
Brown&Levinson’s“Face-savingTheory”wasputforwardbyBrown,P.&Levinson,S.C.in1978bypublishingthepaper“Politeness:
SomeUniversalsinLanguageUsage”.ThetheorywasestablishedonthebasisofsociologistErvingGoffman’sfacetheory,anditsoriginalpurposewastoexplainthephenomenonoffrequentviolationofCooperativePrinciplesindailylife.CooperativePrinciplestheorywasputforwardbyGricein1975todemonstratehowpeoplecooperatewitheachotherincommunicationbyabidingbytheprinciplesofquality,quantity,relationsandmanners.Butinrealsociallife,peopleconstantlyviolatethesefourprinciples.(GaoHang,1996)Why?
ThenBrownandLevinson’sface-savingtheorycameout,whichstatedclearlythatpolitenesswastheirfirstconcernwhenchoosingbetweenadheringtoCPPrinciplesorthesocialprincipleofpoliteness.
2.1Positiveandnegativepolitenessstrategies
Thetheoryisbasedonanassumptionthateachrationalmodelpersonhasa“face”,theconceptofwhichisadaptedfromGoffman’sdefinitionon“face”---“thepublicself-imagethateverymemberwantstoclaimforhimself”(Goffman,1967).
AccordingtoBrownandLevinson,thiskindofpublicimageis“somethingemotionallyinvested,andthatcanbelost,maintain,orenhanced,andmustbeconstantlyattendedtoininteraction”(Brown&Levinson,1987).Therefore,inordertokeepsmoothcommunication,itiseachrationalmodelperson’stasktoattendtoother’sface.
Facecanbedividedintotwotypes:
positivefaceandnegativeface.Apositivefaceisthewanttohaveone’spublicself-imageaccepted,appreciated,understood,andratifiedbyothers,tobethoughtofasanormal,contributingmemberofsociety.Astoanegativeface,eachone’sself-imageisexpectedtobefreefromimpositionanddistraction,unimpededbyothersandthewantofindependenceandfreedomofactionistobeguaranteedwithinone’sownterritory.
Inordertosave“face”forbothsides,BrownandLevinsoncameupwithtwoimportanttypesofpolitenessstrategies:
positivestrategiesandnegativestrategies.
Positivepolitenessstrategiesaredividedintothreetypesofstrategieswhicharedescribedas“claimcommonground”,“focusoncooperation”,and“fulfillreceiver’swants”(BrownandLevinson,1987).Thisstrategyisrealizedthroughredress(usuallycomplimentarywords)directedtotheaddressee’spositiveface,withtheresultthatthedistancebetweenthespeakerandthehearerisbecomingcloser.
Negativepolitenessstrategiescanbecategorizedintothreebroadgroups:
“givefreedomofaction”,“Don’tcoercethehearer”and“dissociateSender/Receiverfromact”.Thisstrategyisrealizedthroughredresstowardsthehearer’snegativefacewhichappealstothehearer’sdesirenottobeimpededortobeleftfreetoactashe/shechooses.
2.2Linguisticfeaturesinpositiveandnegativestrategies
BrownandLevinsonputforwardfifteenpositivesub-strategiesandtennegativesub-strategiestosavebothpositiveandnegativefaceforthereceiver.Heretheauthorwillfocusontwopositivesub-strategiesandsixnegativeones,whicharemostfrequentlyusedinthelettersandhavemostsignificanceinsmoothingtherelationsoftwoparties.
2.2.1Positivedimension
(ⅰ)NoticingandattendingtoH(his/herinterest,wants,needs,goods).
Thisstrategyexpectsthespeakertonoticeorpayasmuchattentionaspossibletotheinterests,wantsandneedsofthehearersoastokeepgoodrelationsbetweenthem.Usuallyitisrealizedbyconveyingappreciation,gratitude,complimentandadoptingyou-attitudelanguage.
(ⅱ)Exaggeration(interest,approval,sympathywithreceiver).
Usuallythiskindofstrategyisrealizedbyusingexaggeratedintonationandintensifyingmodifierswhichwillmakethereceiverfeelrespectedandcaredabout.
2.2.2Negativedimension
(ⅰ)Beingconventionallyindirect
Thisstrategyisquitecommonlyusedwhenmakingrequest.Becausemakingrequestmeansmakingimpositiononthehearer,whichwilldirectlythreatenhis/hernegativeface.Andbeingindirectbyusinginterrogativesentencesandif-conditionalclauseswillmitigatetheimpositionandsavehis/hernegativeface.
(ⅱ)Hedges
Usinghedgesisanicewaytorespecthis/heropinionwhenmakingrequestandprotectone’sownnegativefacewhenmetwithrefusalsandcomplaints.Modelverbs,andassumptiveverbsandpossibilityadverbsareoftenseeninsuchsituation.
(ⅲ)Being
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