通信电子工程类论文外文翻译中英文翻译外文文献翻译.docx
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通信电子工程类论文外文翻译中英文翻译外文文献翻译.docx
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通信电子工程类论文外文翻译中英文翻译外文文献翻译
Theeffectofspeechrecognitiononworkingpostures,productivity
andtheperceptionofuserfriendliness
ElsbethM.deKortePietvanLingen
Abstract
Acomparative,experimentalstudywithrepeatedmeasureshasbeenconductedtoevaluatetheeffectoftheuseofspeechrecognitiononworkingpostures,productivityandtheperceptionofuserfriendliness.Fifteensubjectsperformedastandardisedtask,firstwithkeyboardandmouseand,afterasixweektrainingperiod,withspeechrecognition.Theuseofspeechrecognitionleadstoimprovedposturesofwrist,forearm,upperarmandshoulderandimprovementofneckmovementswhencomparedtotheuseofkeyboardandmouse.Althoughtheobservationmethodwasbasic,thisstudyprovidesinsightintothepotentialbenefitsspeechrecognitionhasforposture.However,productivitydecreasedformostsubjectsandspeechrecognitionappearstobeusableforspecifictasksonly.Fromtheperspectiveofproductivityandtheperceptionofuserfriendlinessfurtherdevelopmentofspeechrecognitionsoftwareisnecessary.Uptonow,speechrecognitionseemsespeciallybeneficialforpeoplewithWMSDcomplaints.
1.Introduction
Work-relatedmusculoskeletaldisorders(WMSD)arecommonamongVDUusers(OfficeErgonomicsRe-searchCommittee,1998;Gerretal.,2002;BlatterandBongers,1999;HealthCouncilofTheNetherlands,2000;Ottenetal.,1998).Visualdisplayunit(VDU)usersareatriskofdevelopingneck,shoulder,wristandhandcomplaints.ThedurationofVDUwork,aswellasawkwardposturesofneck,shoulders,wristsandhandsareimportantriskfactors.Also,thelackofarmsupportmayleadtocomplaintsofneck,shoulder,armandhand(PunnettandBerqvist,1997;HalesandBernard,1996;Marcusetal,2002;BlatterandBongers,2002;Ottenetal.,1998;Tittiranondaetal.,1999;OfficeErgonomicsResearchCommittee,1998).
Withthearrivalofanewgenerationofcontinuousspeechrecognitionsoftware,speechrecognitionbecomesinterestingasanewkindofinputdevice.Itcanreplacebothmouseandkeyboard.Furthermore,becausespeechrecognitionsoftwarecanbeoperatedwithoutusingthehands,itenablesuserstomovefreelyattheworkplace.Avoidingawkwardposturesbecomesapossibility.Therefore,itisinterestingtoexplorewhetherspeechrecognitioncanreduceoneoftheWMSDriskfactors,thatisawkwardworkingpostures,andwhetheritmightplayaroleinprevention.However,researchonthistopicislimited.
Therelationbetweenspeechrecognitionandboththeperceptionofuserfriendlinessandproductivityhasbeenstudiedpreviously(BaberandNoyes,1996;Baberetal.,1996;Ponsioen,1999;Bekkeretal.,1995;NoyesandFrankish,1994).Thesestudieshaveshownthatthequalityofrecognitionofspeechisdependentonseveralfactors,forexamplethevoiceoftheuser,whichisinfluencedbyemotions,stress,coldorfatigue.Otherfactorsfoundtobeofimportancearebackgroundnoiseandamountoftrainingtousespeechrecognition.Whenrecognitionqualitydecreases,thenumberoferrorsincreases,whichinfluencestheproductivityoftheusernegatively.Correctingerrorsintherightwayisveryimportant:
thesystemneedstobetrainedconstantlybytheusertoretainqualityandtoimprovethesystem.Becauseproductivityanduserfriendlinessdeterminetheactualpurchaseanduseofspeechrecognitionsoftwaretoalargeextent,itwasimportanttoinvolvethesefactorsinthisstudy.
Thisstudywasdesignedtoevaluatetheeffectoftheuseofspeechrecognitiononworkingpostures,productivityanduserfriendlinessincomparisonwiththeuseofthetraditionalkeyboardandmouseduringVDUwork.
2.Subjectsandmethods
2.1Experimentaldesign
Inacomparative,experimentalstudywithrepeatedmeasures,twokindsofinputdevicesweretested.Thetraditionalcombinationofkeyboardandmousewascomparedtospeechrecognitioninapre-andpost-test,respectively.Afterthepre-test,thesubjectsreceivedtraininginusingspeechrecognitionbyacompanyspecialisedinspeechrecognitiontraining.During6weeksallsubjectsusedspeechrecognition(DragonNaturallySpeakingDutch3.6,whichcorre-spondstotheEnglish3.6version)intheirdailywork.After6weeks,thepost-testtookplace.Workingposturesandproductivityweremeasuredanduserfriendlinesswasassessed.
Attheirownworkstation,thesubjectsperformedastandardisedcomputertaskwhichconsistedoftwosubtasks.Thefirstsubtaskconsistedofmakingandsendinge-mailsinMicrosoftOutlookfor5min,wordprocessingandtexteditinginMicrosoftWordfor9min,andchangingbetweenapplications(MicrosoftExcel,Power-pointandInternetExplorer)for1min.Thetotaldurationofthissubtaskwas15min.Duringthissubtaskworkingpostureswererecordedonvideotape.Inthepre-testthesubjectsusedkeyboardandmouse.Inthepost-testtheywereallowedtousekeyboardandmousewhentheygotstuck;itwasnotrealistictoaskthemtoperformthefirstsubtaskwithspeechrecognitiononly.
Thesecondsubtaskconsistedofcopyingatextwithoutediting.Thistaskwasperformedforamaximumof10min.Thesubjectswereinstructedtoworkattheirownpace.Noinstructionsweregivenoncorrectingerrors.Thesecondsubtaskwasusedtomeasureproductivity.Consequently,thesubjectswererestrictedtospeechrecognitioninthepost-test.
2.2.Subjects
Fifteensubjects,9menand6women,participatedinthestudy.TheyallworkedattheDutchMinistryofSocialAffairs.ThesubjectswereexperiencedVDUworkersandatleast50%oftheirdailyworkconsistedofVDUwork.Theywereallnon-touchtypists.EightsubjectssufferedfromWMSD.Sevensubjectswerefreeofinjury.Theiragevariedbetween25and55years(Mean42.5,SD8.8).Beforetheexperiment,participantsgaveinformedconsent.
2.3.Measuringmethods
Workingpostureswererecordedonvideotapeforthetotaldurationofthefirstsubtask(15min).Thecamerawasplacedatthedominantsideofthesubject(Figs.1).
WithTheObserver(Noldus)theimagesofthefirstconditionwereanalysedfordurationofpostures(apercentageoftotaltime)andfrequencyofchangingpostures(numberofchangesperminute).Theobserved
Fig.1.Schematicdrawingofcameraplacement,rearview.
Table1
Analysedpostures(dominantsideofthebody)
BodyregionVariables
NeckFlexion:
<0°;0–25°;>25°Rotation:
yes/no
ShoulderElevation(lifting):
yes/no
UpperarmFlexion(sagittalplane):
0–20°;>20°
ForearmPronation/supination/neutralArmsupport:
onworksurface/onarmrests/no
support
WristFlexion0–30°/flexion>30°/extension0–30°/extension>30°
Radialdeviation/ulnardeviation/nodeviation
postureswereadoptedfromTheGuidelinesforPhysicalLoad,developedbyTNOWork&Employment(vanderGrinten,1999).ThedependentvariablesareshowninTable1.DifferencesinworkingposturesweretestedwithaT-testforrepeatedmeasures.Significancelevel(a)wassetat5%(two-sided).
Productivitymeasurementsweretakenfromthesecondsubtask.WithTheObserver(Noldus)thevideotapewasanalysedfornumberoferrorsperminuteandtimespentoncorrectingerrors(percentageoftotaltime).Furthermore,thetextwasanalysedforthenumberofwordsperminuteenteredcorrectly.DifferencesinproductivityweretestedwithaT-testforrepeatedmeasures.Finally,perceivedproductivitywasassessedbyaquestion:
Haveyoudonemore,lessorthesameamountofworksinceyoustartedusingspeechrecognition?
Answerstothisquestionarepresentedasfrequencies.
Theperceptionofuserfriendlinessofspeechrecognitionwasassessedwithaquestionnaire.Thisquestionnairewasaimedatthe6weeksthesubjectswereusingspeechrecognitionintheirdailywork.Itwaspresentedafterthepost-test.Thequestionsinquiredabouthowdifficultitwastolearntousespeechrecognition,howlongittooktolearnitandpreferenceforinputdevice(keyboard,mouseorspeechrecognition).Furthermore,subjectswereaskedtonamecomputertaskstheyweresuitedtoperformwithspeechrecognitionandtaskstheywerenot.Finally,subjectswereaskedabouthowsatisfiedtheywerewithusingspeechrecognition.Datafromthequestionnairearepresentedasfrequencies.Twotimes,meetingswereorganisedtoexchangeexperiences.Thefirstmeetingwasorganisedinthethirdweekofthetrainingperiodinordertosharethefirstexperienceswithspeechrecognitionsoftware.Thesecondmeetingwasorganisedaftertheexperimentstookplaceinordertoevaluatetheuseofspeechrecognitionsoftwareandtoexchangeviews.Informationfromthesemeetingsisalsoreported.
3.Results
3.1.Workingpostures
Theworkingpostureresults(Fig.3a–h)show,withtheuseofspeechrecognitioncomparedtokeyboardandmouse,significantlylessneckflexion,lesspronationoftheforearmandlessulnardeviationofthewrist.Withtheuseofspeechrecognitionarmsupportwasusedmoreoftencomparedtotheuseofkeyboardandmouse.
AscanbeseenfromFig.4,withtheuseofspeechrecognition,significantlylesschangeswerefoundinneckflexionpostures,neckrotationposturesandarmsupportcomparedtotheuseofkeyboardandmouse.Whenspeechrecognitionwasused,morechangeswerefoundinflexionposturesoftheupperarm.
3.2.Productivity
Thenumberofwordscorrectlyenteredperminutewassignificantlylargerwiththeuseofkeyboardandmouse(mean22.7,SD6.7)comparedtotheuseofspeechrecognition(mean17.5,SD8.8).Althoughnosignificantdifferenceinthefrequencyoferrorswasfound,thetimespentoncorrectingerrorswassignificantlylongerwiththeuseofspeechrecognition.Withtheuseofkeyboardandmouse4.2%ofthetime
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