叔本华的《智慧书》英文版.docx
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叔本华的《智慧书》英文版.docx
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叔本华的《智慧书》英文版
1.Characterandintellect.
Thesearethetwopolesofourcapacity;onewithouttheotherisbuthalfwaytohappiness.Intellectisnotenough,characterisalsoneeded.Ontheotherhand,itisthefool’smisfortunetofailinobtainingtheposition,employment,neighborhood,andcircleoffriendsofhischoice.
2.Keepmattersforatimeinsuspense.
Admirationattheirnoveltyheightensthevalueofyourachievements.Itisbothuselessandinsipidtoplaywithyourcardsonthetable.Ifyoudonotdeclareyourselfimmediately,youarouseexpectation,especiallywhentheimportanceofyourpositionmakesyoutheobjectofgeneralattention.Mixalittlemysterywitheverything,andtheverymysteryarousesveneration.Andwhenyouexplain,donotbetooexplicit,justasyoudonotexposeyourinmostthoughtsinordinaryconversation.Cautioussilenceisthesacredsanctuaryofworldlywisdom.Aresolutiondeclaredisneverhighlythoughtof---itonlyleavesroomforcriticism.Andifithappenstofail,youaredoublyunfortunate.Besides,youimitatethedivinewaywhenyouinspirepeopletowonderandwatch.
3.Makepeopledependonyou.
Itisnothethatadornsbuthethatadoresthatmakesadivinity.Thewisepersonwouldratherseeothersneedinghimthanthankinghim.Tokeepthemonthethresholdofhopeisdiplomatic,totrusttotheirgratitudeisboorish;hopehasagoodmemory,gratitudeabadone.Moreistobegotfromdependencethanfromcourtesy.Hethathassatisfiedhisthirstturnshisbackonthewell,andtheorangeoncesqueezedfallfromthegoldenplatterintothewastebasket.Whendependencedisappearsgoodbehaviorgoeswithit,aswellasrespect.Letitbeoneofthechieflessonsofexperiencetokeephopealivewithoutentirelysatisfyingit,bypreservingittomakeoneselfalwaysneeded,evenbyapatrononthethrone.Butdonotcarrysilencetoexcessoryouwillgowrong,norletanother’sfailinggrowincurableforthesakeofyourownadvantage.
4.Avoidoutshiningyoursuperior.
Allvictoriesbreedhate,andthatoveryoursuperiorisfoolishorfatal.Preeminenceisalwaysdetested,especiallyoverthosewhoareinhighpositions.Cautioncanglossovercommonadvantages.Forexample,goodlooksmaybecloakedbycarelessattire.Therearesomethatwillgrantyousuperiorityingoodluckoringoodtemper,butnoneingoodsense,-leastofallaprince-forgoodsenseisaroyalprerogativeandanyclaimofsuperiorityinthatisacrimeagainstmajesty.Theyareprinces,andwishtobesointhatmostprincelyofqualities.Theywillallowsomeonetohelpthembutnottosurpassthem.Somakeanyadvicegiventothemappearlikearecollectionofsomethingtheyhaveonlyforgottenratherthanasaguidetosomethingtheycannotfind.Thestarsteachusthisfinessewithhappytact:
thoughtheyarehischildrenandbrilliantlikehim,theyneverrivalthebrillianceofthesun.
5.Bewithoutpassions.
Thisisthehighestqualityofthemind.Itsveryeminenceredeemsusfrombeingaffectedbytransientandlowimpulses.Thereisnohigherrulethanthatoveroneself,overone’simpulses;thereisthetriumphoffreewill.Whenpassionrulesyourcharacterdonotletitthreatenyourpositionespeciallyifitisahighone.Itistheonlyrefinedwayofavoidingtroubleandtheshortestwaybacktoagoodreputation.
6.Nevertrustyourhonortoanother,unlessyouhavehisinpledge.
Arrangethatsilenceisamutualadvantage,disclosureadangertoboth.Wherehonorisatstakeyoumustactwithapartner,sothateachmustbecarefuloftheother’shonorforthesakeofhisown.Neverfullyentrustyourhonortoanother,butifyouhaveto,letcautionsurpassprudence.Letthedangerbeincommonandtheriskmutual,sothatyourpartnercannotturnking’sevidence.
7.Knowhowtotakeahint.
Itwasoncetheartofartstobeabletodiscourse;nowitisnolongersufficient.Wemustknowhowtotakeahint,especiallyindisabusingourselves.Youcannotmakeyourselfunderstoodifyoudonoteasilyunderstandothers.Therearesomewhoactlikedivinesoftheheartandlynxesofintentions.Theverytruthsthatconcernusmostareonlyhalfspoken,butwithattentionwecangraspthewholemeaning.Whenyouhearanythingfavorablekeepatightreinonyourcredulity;ifunfavorable,giveitthespur.
8.Knowhowtowithdraw.
Ifitisagreatlessoninlifetoknowhowtodeny,itisstillgreatertoknowhowtodenyoneselfasregardsbothaffairsandpersons.Thereareextraneousoccupationsthateatawayprecioustime.Tobeoccupiedinwhatdoesnotconcernyouisworsethandoingnothing.Itisnotenoughforacarefulpersonnottointerferewithothers;hemustseethattheydonotinterferewithhim.Oneisnotobligedtobelongsomuchtoothersadnottobelongatalltooneself.Sowithfriends,theirhelpshouldnotgrabusedormoredemandedfromthemthantheythemselveswillgrant.Allexcessisafailingbutaboveallinpersonalrelationships.Awisemoderationinthisbestpreservesthegoodwillandesteemforall,forbythismeansthatpreciousboomofcourtesyisnotgraduallywornaway.Thusyoupreserveyourgeniusandfreedomtoselectthebestandneversinagainsttheunwrittenlawsofgoodtastes.
9.Knowyourstrongestquality.
Knowyourpre---eminentgift---cultivateitanditwillassisttherest.Everyonewouldhaveexcelledinsomethingifhehadknownhisstrongpoint.Noticeinwhatqualityyousurpassandtakechargeofthat.Insomepeoplejudgmentexcels,inothersvalor.Mostdoviolencetotheirnaturalaptitudeandthusattainsuperiorityinnothing.Timeenlightensustoolateofwhatwasfirstonlyaflatteringofthepassions.
10.Neverexaggerate.
Itisanimportantobjectofattentionnottotalkinsuperlatives,soasneithertooffendtruthnorcastdoubtonyourunderstanding.Exaggerationwastesdistinctionsandshowsthenarrownessofone’sknowledgeortaste.Praiseariseslivelycuriosity,begetsdesireandifafterwardsthevaluedoesnotcorrespondtotheprice---asgenerallyhappens---expectationrevoltsagainstthedeceptionandrevengesitselfbycheapeningboththethingpraisedandthepraiser.Aprudentpersongoesmorecautiouslytoworksandpreferstoerrbyunderstatementthanbyoverstatement.Extraordinarythingsarerare,thereforetemperyourevaluation.Exaggerationisakintolying,andyoujeopardizeyourreputationforgoodtasteand---muchworse---goodsense.
11.Thinkwiththefewandspeakwiththemany.
Swimmingagainstthestreammakesitimpossibletoremoveerrorandeasytofallintodanger---onlyaSocratescanundertakeit.Todissentfromothers’viewsisregardedasaninsult,becauseitisacondemnationoftheirjudgment.Theoffenseisdoubledonaccountofthejudgmentcondemnedandoftheperson,whochampionedit,truthisforthefew,errorisbothcommonandvulgar.Thewisepersonisnotknownbywhathesaysonthepublicsquare,fortherehespeaksnotwithhisownvoicebutwiththatofcommonfolly,howevermuchhisinmostthoughtsmaydenyit.Theprudentpersonavoidsbeingcontradictedasmuchasheavoidscontradictingothers---thoughtheyhavetheirjudgmentreadytheyarenotreadytopublishit.Thoughtisfree;forcecannotandshouldnotbeusedonit.Thewisepersonthereforeretiresintosilenceandifheallowshimselftocomeoutofit,hedoessointheshadeandbeforefewandfitpersons.
12.Avoidincurringobligations.
Thisisoneofthechiefaimsofprudence.Peopleofgreatabilitykeepextremesfarapart,sothatthereisalongdistancebetweenthem.Theyalwayskeepinthemiddleoftheircaution,sotheytaketimetoact.Itiseasiertoavoidcommittingyourselftosomethingthanitistocomeoutofitwell.Suchaffairstestourjudgment---itisbettertoavoidthemthantoconquerinthem.Oneobligationleadstoanotherandmayleadtoanaffairofdishonor.Therearepeoplesoconstitutedbynatureorbynationthattheyeasilyenteruponsuchobligations.Butforthosewhowalkbythelightofreason,suchmattersrequirelongthinkingover.Thereismorevalorneedednottotakeuptheaffairthaninconqueringinit.Whenthereisonefoolreadyfortheoccasion,onemayexcuseoneselffrombeingthesecond.
13.Somuchdependsonbeingapersonofdepth.
Theinteriormustbeatleastasimpressiveastheexterior.Somepeople’scharacterisallfacade,likehousesthat,duetolackofmeans,havetheporticoofapalaceleadingtotheroomsofacottage.Itisnouseboringintosuchpeople---althoughtheywillboreyou---becauseconversationflagsafterthefirstsalutation.TheyprancethroughthefirstcomplimentskikeSicilianstallions,butsilencequicklyfollows.Othersmaybetakeninbythembecausetheythemselveshavesuperficialviews,butnottheprudent,wholookwithinthemandfindnothingthereexceptmaterialsforscorn.
14.Neverbeupset.
Itisagreataimofprudencenevertobeembarrassed.Thisisthesignofarealperson,ofanobleheart,formagnanimityisnoteasilyputoffbalance.Thepassionsarethehumorsofthesoul,andeveryexcessinthemweakensprudence.Iftheyoverflowthroughthemouth,thereputationwillbeindanger.Letusthereforebesogreatamasteroverourselvesthatneitherinthemostfortunatenorinthemostadversecircumstancescananythingcauseourreputationinjurybydisturbingourself-possessionbutratherenhanceitbyshowingsuperiority.
15.Finishoffwell.
Inthehouseoffortuneifyouenterbythegateofpleasureyoumustleavebythatofsorrow,andviceversa.Yououghtthereforetothinkofthefinish,andattachmoreimportancetoahappyexitthantoapplauseonentrance.Itisthecommonl
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