美国文学.docx
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美国文学.docx
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美国文学
Theoriginofliterature
?
howdidliteraturecomeintobeing?
Literature-letter"thingsmadefromletters"
Artsandletters,manofletters
Definition
Theclassofwritingsdistinguishedforbeautyofstyleorexpression,aspoetry,essays,orhistory,indistinctionfromscientifictreatisesandworkswhichcontainpositiveknowledge
Writtenworks,esp.Thoseconsideredofsuperiororlastingartisticmerit.
Americanenlightenment
ThespirituallifeinthecoloniesduringtheperiodwastoagreatdegreemoldedbythebourgeoisEnlightenment.
(1)OriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcentury
(2)Sources:
Newton’stheory;deism(自然神教派);Frenchphilosophy(Rousseau,Voltaire)
(3)Basicprinciples:
stressingeducation;stressingReason(Order)(TheagehasbeencalledAgeofReason.);employingReasontoreconsiderthetraditionsandsocialrealities;concernsforcivilrights,suchasequalityandsocialjustice;theideaofprogress.
2.AttheinitialperiodthespreadoftheideasoftheEnlightenmentwaslargelyduetojournalism.AlltheleadersoftherevolutionwereinfluencedbytheEnlightenment;
3.Representatives:
BenjaminFranklin,ThomasPaine,ThomasJeffersonetc.
TherepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentsetthemselvesthetaskofdeseminatingknowledgeamongthepeopleandadvocatingrevolutionaryideas.TheyalsoactivelyparticipatedintheWarforIndependence.
4.ThenewnationwassetonthebasicideasandprinciplesoftheEnlightenment;
5.InfluenceoftheEnlightenment
(1)AmericanEnlightenmentdealtadecisiveblowuponthePuritantraditionsandbroughttolifeseculareducationandliterature.
(2)ThesecularidealsoftheAmericanEnlightenmentwereexemplifiedinthelifeandcareerofBenjaminFranklin.
1.InfluencedbyBritishandfrenchenlightenment,Americanenlightenmentdealtadecisiveblowuponthepuritantraditionsandbroughttolifeseculareducationandliterature.
2.Withnewton'slawsofmotionandideaofuniversalgravitation,theuniversebecamesomethingmechanical,likeaclock,subjecttocertainphysicalandmechanicallaws.
Deism
1.Godisindeedthecreatoroftheuniverse,"themakerofclock".Buthehasleftittooperateaccordingtonaturallaw.
2.Thebestwaytoworshipgodistostudyhishandiwork,namely,thenaturalworldandthehumanworld,andtodogoodthingstomankind
3.Orderisthewatchwordoftheday.Everythingfellintosomeorder,likenewton's"clock",andallhadaplaceinthedivineplan.
4.Withfranklinasitsspokesman,10thcenturyAmericanexperiencedanagesofenlightenment,reason,andorderlikeEnglandandEurope
Benjaminfranklin
Lifeexperienceandachievements
●Bornin1706(poorandobscure)
●Verylittleformaleducationbutavoraciousreader
●Anapprenticetohisbrother,aprinterandbegantopublishessaysat16
●RunawaytoPhiladelphiatomakefortuneat17andlatersethimselfupasanindependentprinterandpublisher
●FoundedthejuntoclubandPennsylvaniahospital(universityofPennsylvania)
●Producedmanyinventions,suchaslighteningrod,franklinstove,bifocalglasses
●ArepresentativeofthecoloniesinLondon,protectingtheirinterestsintheenglishcourt
●Adelegatetothecontinentalcongressandamemberofthecommitteetowritethedeclarationofindependence
●InstrumentalinbringingFranceintoalliancewithAmericaagainstEngland
●Adecisiveroleattheconstitutionalconstitutionalconvention
●TheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheunitedstates:
thedeclarationofindependence
●ThetreatyofalliancewithFrance
●ThetreatypeacewithEnglandandtheconstitution
Theautobiography
●Itistherecordofamanrisingtowealthandfamefromastateofpovertyandobscurity
●ItisaPuritandocument,becauseitisarecordofself-examinationandself-improvement
●Theautobiographyprovesthatfranklinwasspokesmanforthe18thcenturyenlightenment
●Thoughmenandinstitutionsoftencorrupt,theymightbeimproved.
●RealizationofAmericandreambuhardworkwisemanagementandtolerance
●Thestyleoftheautobiographyissimple,directandconcise
Americanpuritanism
1.Totaldepravity
2.Theabsolutesovereigntyofgodandpersonalsalvationentirelyfromgod
3.Supremeauthorityofthebible:
todoonlywhatthebiblecommandedratherthannotdowhatthebibleprohibited
4.Thechurchshouldbeorganizedfromscripture:
toabolishhierarchicalepiscopacy.
5.Societywasonunifiedwhole.Self-relianceandself-discipline;workwasacallingfromgod;successasasingofsalvation(hardworkandgooddeedswouldbringrewards,inlifeandafter);socializingwhileonthejobwasadistractionfromtheassignmentgodgaveyou.
AmericanRomanticism
Romanticism的特点:
frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics,moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthathenaturalworldwasasourceofcorruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的,都注重道德,强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受,并且认为自然是美的源头,人类社会是腐败之源。
Historyoftheage
●Populationboom-over31million
●Westwardmovement-pioneerspushingthefrontierfurtherwest
●industrializationandurbanization(technology)-vastmaterialbenefitsandpolarizationoftherichandpoor
●Democracy&politicalequality-endof"virginiadynasty"&allwhitemanwereliterallyequally
●Senseofoptimism&hope-newformofliteracyexpression
FeaturesofAmericanromanticism
●BritishandEuropeanromanticmovementaddedincentivetothegrowthofromanticisminAmerica(WalterScott,Byron,etc.)
●Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionofarealnewexperienceandcontainedanalienquality,becausethespirityoftheplacewasradicallynewandalien..Eg.Pioneeringintothewest,virginforests,exoticlandscape,robins,primitiverace.WashingtonLrving'sportrayalofthescenesfromtheHudsonvalley
●AmericanRomanticismwasinessencestillpuritan.AmericanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralizethantheirenglishandEuropeanbrothers.Eg.Hawthorn'sthescarletlettertalkseloquentlyabouttheeffectoftheadulteryonthepeopleratherthanabouthesinitself.
●AmericansweredescribedsomewhatdifferentfromtheEuropeans.Theiridealsofindividualismandpoliticalequality,andtheirdreamthatAmericawastobeanewgardenofEdenformanweredistinctivelyAmerican
●Thefavoritethemesincludedhome,familyandchildren,nature,andlove.
●Intechniquetheylovedtraditionalmetersandstanzaforms;inlanguagetheirenglishwasusuallyBritish;theirmetaphorsweresometimesstereotyped,theirsymbolismexplicitandsuperficial
Biographicalintroduction
●Amiserablechildhood
●Adrop-outofUniversityofVirginia
●Dismissedbywestpoint
●Financialpredicament
●Editorandeditornomore
●Alcohol&gamblingaddiction
●Marriedtohis13-year-oldcousin
“TheRaven”isabout108lines,perfectlyreadableatonesitting.Asenseofmelancholyoverthedeathofabelovedbeautifulyoungwomanpervadesthewholepoem:
theportrayalofayoungmangrievingforhislostLenore,(早逝的美丽女友Lenore)hisgriefbeingturnedtomadnessunderthesteadyone-wordrepetitionofthetalkingbird
Theyoungman,aneuroticonthebrinkofamentalcollapse,(精神几近崩溃)outpourshissorrowinhissemi-sleep(半梦半醒之间)ontheappearanceofthebird.Poeticimaginationexternalizesitself(诗歌的想象力表现在…)inthephantomofabird(幻象中的小鸟)andintermingleswithittoenhancetheeffectoftbetragedyofthebereavement.(失去挚爱的悲剧)ItisgoodtonotethatPoe’spoemsareheavilytintedinadreamy,hallucinatorycolor.(Poe的诗歌中具有一种浓烈的梦境和幻觉的色彩)“TheRaven”isagoodexampleasthenarratorisinastateofsemi-stupor.(神志几近不清的状态)
Wheredoesthestoryhappen?
Locale-thenarrator’schamber,richlyfurnished
Whythechamberisabetterlocalethanforestorfields?
Aplacesacredtohimbymemoriesofher;
Aplacesuffusedwithsorrowandmelancholy.
Howdoesthesettinghelpbeingtogetherthenarratorandtheraven?
Setting---bleakDecember,thenighttempestuous,thustheravenseeksasyluminside
HowdoesthenarratorgraduallylosthissanityandsobrietyinTheRaven?
1.Theraven’sutterance“nevermore”slowlybutstealthilyconvincesthenarratorofthefactthatheandhislover,Lenorewould“nevermore”meetinheaven.
2.Refrain:
wordsrepeatedinapoemorsongatcertaininterval,suchasattheendofastanza.
3.Nevermore-long“O”sound,asonorousvowel,amonotonebothinsoundandthought.
4.Thepleasureisdeducedfromthesenseofrepetitionwhichgraduallypushesthepoemtoitsclimax.
Whatisthepretextforcontinuoususeof“nevermore”?
Isitlogicallyifitismonotonouslyspokenbyahumanbeing?
Ordoesitmakemiresenseifitisspokenbyanon-reasoningcreaturecapableofspeech,likearaven,birdofillomen?
WhatistheendingofTheRaven?
“Mysoulshallbeliftednevermore!
”
Thenarratorwasleftinbever-endingdespairandmournfulremembranceofhisbeloved.
Howdoesthenarrator’smoodchangefromtheverybeginningtotheend?
Outwardcalm~~gentlelight-heartedness~~uncontrollablefrenzy~~everlastingsadnessanddespair
WhatistheeffectachievedinTheRaven?
Elevationofthesoulinasadway.Thereaderwouldprobablybeleftinsorrowandpoignancyafterreading.
Howtoprovokeadesiredeffect?
Combinationoftomeandincident
WhatisthetoneofTheRaven?
Melancholic
IstheincidentinTheRavenpeculiarorordinary?
Howisitsoonewayortheother?
Poebelievesapoemshouldbeshortenoughtobereadatonesitting;otherwisethe“unityofimpression”wouldbebrokenandtheprocessof“elevatingthesoul”interrupted.
Poebelievespoetryshouldelevatethesoulandproduceafeelingofbeautyinreader.
“beautyis
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