APA格式原文参考.docx
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APA格式原文参考.docx
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APA格式原文参考
APACitationStyle
APAcitation
style
refersto
therules
andconventionsestablished
bytheAmericanPsychological
Associationfordocumentingsourcesusedinaresearchpaper.APAstylerequiresbothin-text
citationsandareferencelist.Foreveryin-textcitationthereshouldbeafullcitationin
thereferencelistandviceversa.
TheexamplesofAPAstylesandformatslistedonthispageincludemanyofthemostcommontypes
ofsources
usedin
academicresearch.
Foradditional
examplesandmoredetailedinformation
about
APAcitationstyle,refertothe
PublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychological
Association
andtheAPAStyleGuidetoElectronicReferences
.
Also,forautomaticgenerationofcitationsinappropriatecitationstyle,useabibliographic
citation
managementprogram
suchas
Refworksor
EndNote.Youcanfindmoreinformation
onthis
inour
CitationManagement
page.
ReferenceCitationsinText
InAPAstyle,in-textcitationsareplacedwithinsentencesandparagraphssothatitisclearwhatinformationisbeingquotedorparaphrasedandwhoseinformationisbeingcited.
Examples:
Worksbyasingleauthor
Thelastnameoftheauthorandtheyearofpublicationareinsertedinthetextattheappropriate
point.
fromtheoryonboundedrationality(Simon,1945)
Ifthenameoftheauthororthedateappearaspartofthenarrative,citeonlymissinginformation
inparentheses.
Simon(1945)positedthat
Worksbymultipleauthors
Whenaworkhastwoauthors,alwayscitebothnameseverytimethereferenceoccursinthetext.
Inparentheticalmaterialjointhenameswithanampersand(&).
ashasbeenshown(Leiter&Maslach,1998)
Inthenarrativetext,jointhenameswiththeword"and."
asLeiterandMaslach(1998)demonstrated
Whenaworkhasthree,four,orfiveauthors,citeallauthorsthefirsttimethereferenceoccurs.
Kahneman,Knetsch,andThaler(1991)found
Inallsubsequentcitationsperparagraph,includeonlythesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowed
by"etal."(Latinfor"andothers")andtheyearofpublication.
Kahnemanetal.(1991)found
Worksbyassociations,corporations,governmentagencies,etc.
Thenamesofgroupsthatserveasauthors(corporateauthors)areusuallywrittenouteachtimetheyappearinatextreference.
(NationalInstituteofMentalHealth[NIMH],2007)
Whenappropriate,thenamesofsomecorporateauthorsarespelledoutinthefirstreferenceand
abbreviatedinallsubsequentcitations.Thegeneralruleforabbreviatinginthismanneristo
supplyenoughinformationinthetextcitationforareadertolocateitssourceintheReference
Listwithoutdifficulty.
(NIMH,2007)
Workswithnoauthor
Whenaworkhasnoauthor,usethefirsttwoorthreewordsofthework'stitle(omittinganyinitialarticles)asyourtextreference,capitalizingeachword.Placethetitleinquotation
marksifitreferstoanarticle,chapterofabook,orWebpage.Italicizethetitleifitreferstoabook,periodical,brochure,orreport.
onclimatechange("ClimateandWeather,"1997)
GuidetoAgriculturalMeteorologicalPractices
(1981)
Anonymousauthorsshouldbelistedassuchfollowedbyacommaandthedate.
onclimatechange(Anonymous,2008)
Specificpartsofasource
Tocite
aspecific
part
of
asource
(always
necessary
for
quotations),
includethe
page,chapter,
etc.(withappropriateabbreviations)inthein-textcitation.
(Stigter&Das,1981,p.96)
DeWaal(1996)overstatedthecasewhenheassertedthat"weseemtobe
reaching...fromthehandsofphilosophers"(p.218).
Ifpagenumbersarenotincludedinelectronicsources(suchasWeb-basedjournals),paragraphnumberprecededbytheabbreviation"para."ortheheadingandfollowingparagraph.
providethe
(M?
nnich&Spiering,2008,para.9)
ReferenceList
References
cited
in
the
text
ofaresearch
paper
mustappearin
aReference
List
or
bibliography.
Thislistprovidestheinformationnecessarytoidentifyandretrieveeachsource.
Order:
Entries
shouldbearrangedin
alphabetical
order
byauthors'last
names.Sources
withoutauthorsarearrangedalphabeticallybytitlewithinthesamelist.
Authors:
Write
out
thelast
nameandinitials
for
all
authors
of
aparticular
work.
Use
anampersand(&)
instead
oftheword"and"
whenlisting
multiple
authors
of
asingle
work..Smith,
J.D.,&Jones,M.
Titles:
Capitalize
onlythe
first
wordofatitle
orsubtitle,
andanyproper
namesthat
arepartofatitle.
Pagination:
Usetheabbreviationp.orpp.todesignatepagenumbersofarticlesfrom
periodicalsthatdonotusevolumenumbers,especiallynewspapers.Theseabbreviationsarealso
usedtodesignatepagesinencyclopediaarticlesandchaptersfromeditedbooks.
Indentation*:
Thefirstlineoftheentryisflushwiththeleftmargin,andall
subsequentlinesareindented(5to7spaces)toforma"hangingindent".
Underliningvs.Italics*:
Itisappropriatetouseitalicsinsteadofunderliningfor
titlesofbooksandjournals.
Twoadditionalpiecesofinformationshouldbeincludedforworksaccessedonline.
Internet
Address**:
Astable
Internet
addressshould
beincluded
andshould
direct
the
readerasclose
aspossible
totheactual
work.
If
the
workhasadigital
object
identifier
(DOI),
usethis.IfthereisnoDOIorsimilarhandle,useastableURL.IftheURLisnotstable,as
isoftenthe
casewithonline
newspapersandsomesubscription-based
databases,
usethe
homepage
ofthesiteyouretrievedtheworkfrom.
Date:
If
the
workis
afinalized
version
published
anddated,
asin
the
caseof
ajournal
article,thedatewithinthemainbodyofthecitationisenough.However,iftheworkisnot
datedand/oris
subjecttochange,
asinthe
caseofan
onlineencyclopedia
article,include
the
datethatyouretrievedtheinformation.
*
TheAPAhasspecial
formatting
standards
for
theuseof
indentation
anditalics
in
manuscripts
or
papersthat
will
betypeset
or
submitted
forofficial
publication.
Formoredetailed
information
onthesepublicationstandards,refertothe
PublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychological
Association
orconsultwithyourinstructorsoreditorstodeterminetheirstylepreferences.
**
Seethe
APAStyle
Guideto
Electronic
References
for
information
onhowto
format
URLsthat
takeupmorethanoneline.
Examples:
Articlesinjournals,magazines,andnewspapers
Referencestoperiodicalarticlesmustincludethefollowingelements:
author(s),dateof
publication,articletitle,journaltitle,volumenumber,issuenumber(ifapplicable),andpage
numbers.
Journalarticle,oneauthor,accessedonline
Ku,G.(2008).Learningtode-escalate:
Theeffectsofregretin
escalationofcommitment.
OrganizationalBehaviorandHumanDecision
Processes
105
(2),221-232.doi:
Journalarticle,twoauthors,accessedonline
Sanchez,D.,
&King-Toler,
E.(2007).
Addressing
disparities
consultation
andoutreach
strategies
for
university
settings.
ConsultingPsychology
Journal:
PracticeandResearch
59
(4),286-295.doi:
1065-
Journalarticle,morethantwoauthors,accessedonline
VanVugt,M.,Hogan,R.,
&Kaiser,R.B.(2008).
Leadership,
followership,
andevolution:
Somelessonsfromthepast.
American
Psychologist
63
(3),182-196.doi:
ArticlefromanInternet-onlyjournal
Hirtle,P.B.(2008,
July-August).
Copyright
renewal,copyright
restoration,
andthedifficultyofdeterminingcopyrightstatus.
D-Lib
Magazine
14
(7/8).doi:
july2008-hirtle
Journalarticlefromasubscriptiondatabase(noDOI)
Colvin,G.(2008,July21).Informationworth,
158
(2),73-79.Retrieved
fromBusinessSourceComplete,EBSCO.Retrievedfrom
Magazinearticle,inprint
Kluger,J.(2008,January28).Whywelove.
Time
171
(4),54-60.
Newspaperarticle,noauthor,inprint
Aspricessurge,ThailandpitchesOPEC-stylericecartel.(2008,May5).The
WallStreetJournal,p.A9.
Newspaperarticle,multipleauthors,discontinuouspages,inprint
Delaney,K.J.,Karnitschnig,M.,&Guth,R.A.(2008,May5).Microsoftends
pursuitofYahoo,reassessesitsonlineoptions.TheWallStreetJournal,
pp.A1,A12.
Books
Referencestoanentirebookmustincludethefollowingelements:
author(s)oreditor(s),dateofpublication,title,placeofpublication,andthenameofthepublisher.
NoAuthororeditor,inprint
Merriam-Webster'scollegiatedictionary(11thed.).(2003).Springfield,MA:
Merriam-Webster.
Oneauthor,inprint
Kidder,T.(1981).Thesoulofanewmachine.Boston,MA:
Little,Brown&
Company.
Twoauthors,inprint
Frank,R.H.,&Bernanke,B.(2007).Principlesofmacro-economics(3rd
ed.).Boston,MA:
McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Corporateauthor,auth
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