欺负行为在学生中的盛行以及由此引发的常见症状毕业论文外文翻译.docx
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欺负行为在学生中的盛行以及由此引发的常见症状毕业论文外文翻译.docx
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欺负行为在学生中的盛行以及由此引发的常见症状毕业论文外文翻译
BullyingAmongSchoolChildren:
PrevalenceandAssociationwithCommonSymptomsinChildhood
Objective
Toestimatetheprevalenceofbullyingamonggirlsandboysinschoolandexamineitsassociationwithpsychologicalandpsychosomaticsymptoms.
Bullyingisdefinedastheintentionalandunprovokedabuseofpowerbyoneormorechildrentoinflictpainorcausedistresstoanotherchildonrepeatedoccasions.Beingacommonandneglectedformofchildabuse,itnotonlyhasadverseeffectsonthevictims’academicperformancebutalsoontheirphysicalandpsychologicalhealth,thevariousformsofbullyingbeingcallingnames,physicalabuse,teasing,spreadingrumors,provoking,socialexclusionandthreatening.MinimalstudieshavebeenconductedonthisfieldinIndia.BullyingishighlyprevalentinIndiabutnostepshavebeentakentocombatthispotentiallyhazardoussocialevil.Hence,thisstudywasundertakentoassesstheprevalenceofbullyinginschoolsanditsassociationwithcommonchildhoodsymptomsandtothrowlightupontheseriousnessoftheproblem.
Thisstudyhasshownthatbullyingishighlyprevalentinschoolsinthispartofthecountryandtheprevalenceofbullyingnotedinthepresentstudy(60.4%)couldbeoneofthehighestamongststudiescarriedoutworldwide.ThisestimateishigherthanthatreportedbyKshirsagaretal.whofoundthebullyinginMaharashtratobe31.4%.Similarly,inastudydoneinNewham,London,theratewasfoundtobeonly22.4%.GlenMGlewetal.inhisstudyfoundtheprevalencetobe19.1%.Also,theprevalenceamongboys(63.9%)wasmorethanamonggirls(53%),moresoinexclusivelyboy’sschoolsthancoedschools.Theagefactorwasdirectlyrelatedtobullyinganditwasfoundtobeincreasingwithagefrom8–13yearsthendecreasinginolderchildren,whichcanprobablybeattributedtoolderchildrenbeingmoreinfluencedbytheworldaroundthem.ThisisintallywiththeobservationsofRobertoForeroetal.whereintheprevalenceofbullyingincreasedfromthe6thyear(31.1%)tothe8thyear(35.8%)andthendecreasedinthe10thyear(32.4%).
Itwasseenthatthemostcommonformsofbullyingwerenon-physical,likecallingnames(57.9%),followedbymakingfunofone’slooks(15.5%)anddegrading(15.2%)whereasphysicalformsofbullyinglikehittingformedonly12.5%.AsimilarfindingwasmadebyKshirsagaretwhereinthecommonestformswerecallingnames,followedbymakingfunandlastlycausingphysicalhurt.Butitmustalwaysberememberedthatevennonphysicalformsofbullyingcanleadtoharmfuleffects.Apatternwasnotedintheformsofbullyingamonggirlsandboyswhereinphysicalabuseandmakingfunofone’slookswasmorecommonamongboyswhileisolatingandcomplainingtotheteacherwasmorecommonamonggirls.Thisisprobablybecauseoftheoutgoingandaggressivenatureofboyascomparedtothesofternatureofgirlswhoaresilentsuffererswhoprefercomplainingratherthantakemattersintotheirownhands.
Averycharacteristicfindingwasnotedregardingthepersonthevictimconfidedin.Thevictims’confidenceinheirfriendsincreasedwithagewhereasthatintheirteachersdecreasedwithage.Alargefractionofstudentschosenottoconfideinanyone.Thisshowsthatmanystudentsdonottakeanyactionaboutgettingbulliedeitherduetofearorignorance.
Bullyingisnotaharmlessphenomenon,butisassociatedwithphysicalandpsychologicalproblems.Majorityofthestudentsreportedfeelingsadanddepresses(39.7%)aboutbeingbullied.Ofallthevictims47.3%complainedofhealthproblemswhileonly20.2%ofstudentswhowerenotbulliedcomplainedofanyproblems.AccordingtothestudydonebyKshirsagaretal.allthebulliedchildrenreportedatleastonesymptom,whileonly52.5%ofthechildrenwhowerenotbulliedcomplainedofanyhealthproblems.Themostcommonphysicalmanifestationinthepresentstudywasseentobeheadacheandtummyachefollowedbyloosestoolsandfever.HeadacheandfallingsickfrequentlywasfoundtobethemostcommonsymptomsevenbyKshirsagaretal.Hence,doctorsshouldalwaysconsiderbullyingasapossiblereasonforunexplainedsymptomsinchildrenandgivetheappropriatepsychologicalsupport.
Itwasalarmingtonotethatonlyameageramountof20teachersparticipatedintheinterviewandasignificantnumberofthemrefusedtoevenadmitthatbullyingwasprevalentintheirschool.Thisprobablyisbecauseofthefearofbadreputationinthemindsoftheteachersleadingtodenialofthesocialevil.Amajorityoftheteacherschosetopunish(58.6%)insteadofcounsel(5%)whichhighlightstheinadequatetrainingtheteachershaveconcerningthemethodsofpreventingbullying.Theknowledgeofparentsregardingtheirchildrenbeingbulliedwasalsofoundtobeveryless,whereinonly38.9%parentsagreedthattheirchildwasbeingbulliedascomparedtothe60.4%prevalenceasfoundoutoninterviewingthestudents.InthestudycarriedoutbyKshirsagaretal.only24%oftheparentssaidthattheywereawareoftheirchildbeingavictimofbullying,whichindicatesthatmostbulliedchildrendidnotreportthistotheirparentsthustakingawayanimportantsourceofsupport.Itwasalsoshockingtofindthatparentswereaskingtheirchildrentocompromiseinasignificantnumberofcases(47.5%)whichshowsthattheydonotconsiderbullyingtobeaprobleminthefirstplace!
Itwasseenthatthevictimsofbullyingdonotactivelyparticipateinclass,hadanevidentdecreaseingeneralperformance,developedinferioritycomplexandfounditdifficulttogetalongwithotherstudents.Teachersplayakeyroleinpreventingandinterveningwithbullyingatschool,buttheyhaveverylittletrainingonhowtoeffectivelydealwithsuchproblems.Hence,teachersmustbeeducatedaboutwaysinwhichtheycancontrolbullyingandtheyshouldalsoworktogetherwithclinicianstodealwiththesymptomsonbullyingandvictimization.
Keepinginmindthatbullyingisaseriousproblem,itisessentialtoconductextensiveresearchtohighlightthehighprevalenceofbullyingonourcountryandtodeducemethodsofdealingwithit.Teachers,parentsandpediatriciansmusttakethisissueseriouslyandencourageandgivemoralsupporttothevictimstobebold,counselstudentstenderlyandshouldinculcateinthechildrensmindsthespiritofworkinginharmony.
Conclusions
Bullingisamajorproblemamongschoolchildrenandmustbetakenseriously.Inthepresentstudy,theprevalenceofbullyingwasfoundtobe60.4%whichisalarminglyhighandcouldbemuchhigherinthebiggerpicture.
Thehazardsincludepsychosomaticsymptomswhicharepotentiallyharmfulforthenormaldevelopmentofthechild.
Teachersmustbetrainedtodealeffectivelywithboththebulliesandthebullied.Theyshouldbeabletotakeappropriatemeasureslikegivingmoraleducation,counselingandsurroundthechildwithpositiveandsportivethoughts.
Pediatricianstreatingchildrenwithunexplainedhealthrelatedsymptomsshouldalwaysconsiderbullyingascausativeagentandworkinharmonywiththeteachersandparentstohelpthechild.
Abetterfuturecanbecarvedoutfortheyoungergenerationbyeradicatingthisproblemandforthisalotmoreresearchneedstobedoneinourcountry.
CorrelatesofBodySatisfactionandSelf-ConceptinThird-andSixth-Graders
Thepurposeofthiscorrelationalstudywastoexaminetherelationshipbetweenbodysatisfactionandself-conceptinelementaryschoolchildren.Participantsweretwenty-threeboysandtwenty-eightgirlsfromthethirdandsixthgradesofaruralpublicschool.Demographicinformation,bodysatisfactionscores,self-conceptscores,andmeasuresofparentalattitudeswereobtainedfromtheparticipantsthroughaquestionnaire.Itwashypothesizedthatbodysatisfactionandself-conceptwouldberelatedinelementaryschoolchildren.Itwasexpectedthatthisrelationshipwouldbeimpactedbygrade,sex,andparentalattitudes.Asignificantrelationshipexistedbetweenbodysatisfactionandself-conceptingirls,butnotboys.Nogradedifferencesweredetectedintherelationship.Bodysatisfactionwassignificantlycorrelatedwithbodycriticismfrompeersamongsixthgraders.Aparent'sbodysatisfactionappearedtobeasignificantpredictorofthebodysatisfactionofhis/heroppositesexchildforboththird-andsixth-graders.
Eatingproblemsareagrowingconcernforhealthprofessionals.Eachyear,millionsofpeopleintheUnitedStatesareaffectedbyseriousandsometimeslife-threateningeatingdisorders.Althoughmosteatingdisordersarefoundinteenandyoungadultwomen,othersegmentsofthepopulationareexperiencingariseinthesedisorders.Thereispresentlyanincreasingprevalenceofeatingdisordersamongmen(Blackman,1996).Perhapsmorealarming,istheexpandingbodyofresearchdemonstratingtheexistenceofeatingproblemsinelementaryschoolchildren.tudieshaveshownafearoffat,driveforthinness,dieting,andotherbodyshapeconcernsandbehaviorsinthisyoungagegroup(SmolakandLevine,1994).Theshort-andlong-termphysicalandpsychologicalconsequencesofeatingdisordersdemandthatthistrendinchildrenbehalted.Researchersarecurrentlyexaminingfactorsinvolvedinthedevelopmentofeatingproblems.
Rodin(1992)suggeststhatextremebodyconcernmaybeamajorsourceofthewidespreadeatingproblems.Thesizeandappearanceofone'sbodyhasbecomesoimportanttosomeindividualsthattheyjudgetheirself-worthsolelyintermsoftheirbody.SeveralresearcheffortshavesupportedRodin'stheory.AstudybyNassar,Hodges,andOllendick(1992)foundarelationshipbetweentheself-conceptandeatingattitudesofyoungadolescentgirls.Fisher,Schneider,Pegler,andNapolitano(
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