Argument题库谬误统计.docx
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Argument题库谬误统计.docx
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Argument题库谬误统计
Argument题库谬误统计
调查
1,Selectivesample:
样本选择,一部分被排除在外
Onemajorproblemisaboutthesampletheauthorstudiedinthesurvey.theauthorconsidersonly...(selectivesub-groups)although(thesub-groupstheauthorstudied)doconstituteasignificantpartof(thewholegeneralpopulation),however,(manyothersub-groups)areactuallyexcludedfromthesurvey.Perhaps...or...withoutrulingoutallthepossibilitiesabove,theauthorcouldnotmakeanygeneralconclusionabout...merelybasedon(selectivesub-groups).
4,14,16,45,63,65,67,80,84,88,90,97,123,146,154,156,168,179,185,193,196,207,227,231,232,236,238,239
2,Quantityofthesample样本数量
(pointingoutthatthecurrentsampleistoosmallinitssize)(thefactcitedbytheauthor)couldhardlyillustratetheassumptionthat...becausetheauthorprovidesonlyNsamplesof(thegeneralpopulation),however,(thelimitedsample)mightnotberepresentativeofthewholegeneralgroup.thuswecannotaccepttheauthor’sconclusionthat...beforehe/shecouldprovidemorestatisticdataabout(thesituationofothersub-groups).
10,14,33,40,53,69,95,115,123,132,139,150,154,158,167,179,180,188,191,239
3,Whoconductedthesurvey:
结果扭曲,调查者为了自己的利益
Thereliabilityofthesurveyisalsoopentodoubtduetotheorganizationwhoconductedthesurvey.(theorganization)hasvestedinterestinthefinaldecision/conclusionwhichwasbasedontheresultofthesurvey,andthusmightdistorttheactualanswersoftherespondents.(theinstitution/individualsmaybenefitgreatlyfromtheresultiftheresultwasinterpretedaswascurrently)Thus,theauthorshouldciteasurveywhichisconductedbyanindependentinstitutiontoconvinceusthat(theassumption).
115,156
4,Whenwasthesurveyconducted:
时间变化
Theeffectivenessoftheresultofthesurveycitedbytheauthorasmainevidenceisalsoopentodoubt.
Thesurveywasconduct(duringaspecialperiod,oralongtimeago),thusmaynotreflectthecurrentsituationsaccurately.Itistruethat(thesurveymayreflecttheopinionsorsituationsofrespondentsatthetimewhenitwasconducted),butpeople’sopiniontoward(thesubjectsurveyed)mayhavechangedgreatlyduringthepasttime(or,whilethisfactcouldnotsufficientlyillustratethat(thegeneralgroup)willalso...allthetime)(manyfactorsthatcouldinfluencethevalidityofthesurveywillchangeinthefuture,orrespondentsmayactdifferentlyduringtheperiodwhenthesurveywasconducted,thustheresultofthesurveycouldnotrepresenttheall-timesituation.)
Thus,amorerecentsurvey,ifasurveyisneededatall,shouldbeprovidedtosufficientlyillustratetheauthor’sassumptionthat...
5,Vaguedata:
数据模糊—没有基数
Theinformationconcerning...isnotaccurateenoughforustoevaluatetheactualconditionof...
Theauthoronlyinformsusthat(thepercentage/fractionofsub-groupswhich...butwedonotknowthebaseamountof(thegeneralgroup)(ifthebaseamountorcorrespondingfractionsvary,theconclusionwouldbedifferent.)Forlackofdetailedinformationabout(thebaseamount/fractionof)...wecanhardlyassess...
4,5,8,9,11,12,14,16,20,22,23,25,27,31,32,39,42,44,49,52,55,68,70,71,73,77,79,87,89,100,103,120,122,124,130,133,134,135,141,143,144,145,155,159,165,175,177,182,183,189,194,196,199,200,203,204,206,211,212,214,216,222,223,231,236,238
6,Incompleteinformation:
数据不完整
Theauthordoesnotprovidecompleteinformationconcerning...inillustratingthat...Theauthoronlyinformsusthat...butwhatwecaremoreaboutisthat...whichisnotprovidedbytheauthor.(someothersubstantialinformationareneededforustoassessthesoundnessoftheargument,andtheconclusionwouldvarygreatlywhenotherconditionsvaried.)Forlackofdetailedinformationabout...wecanhardlyevaluate...
6,7,8,10,14,15,17,18,20,21,24,27,29,30,32,35,36,38,39,42,43,44,46,49,52,54,64,65,66,68,70,71,73,77,79,81,82,83,84,85,87,88,89,90,91,92,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,103,104,105,107,108,116,117,119,120,127,130,135,137,141,143,144,145,147,150,152,155,161,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,174,175,179,180,181,183,184,185,191,192,193,198,199,200,203,205,206,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,221,222,224,225,226,228,229,231,232,233,235,237,238,239,240,241,242
7,Aretherespondentsforthrightwhenansweringthequestions:
回答者不真实
Thereliabilityoftherespondents...answerstothesurvey’squestionisnotsufficientlyjustifiedtosupporttheconclusion...Thereispossibilitythattherespondentsmaynottellthetruthabout..(answeringthequestionshonestlymayleadtosomeundesirableconsequencesfortherespondents,thustheymayevadethecrucialpoint,orevenlieintheiranswers.)Undersuchcircumstances,itisalmostimpossibleforustoexpecttherespondentstoprovideaccurateinformationabouttheiropiniontoward...
92,199,211,242
8,Aretherespondentsrepresentative:
回答者没有代表性
Weshouldalsonoticethattherespondentsstudiedinthesurveymaynotrepresentthegeneralgroupof...Weallknowthatinmanycases,peoplewhoareinterestedin...mightbegenerallymorelikelytorespondtothesurveythanotherpeopleare,oraremorewillingtoexpresstheirownopinionsandpositionsontheissueof...
(otherpeoplewhodidnotrespondmayholdatotallydifferentpositiontowardtheissuestudied,andtheauthorshouldincludethosepeopleinthestudytopresentamoreconvincingresult.)Withoutconsideringthesituationofothergroupsofpeople,theresultofthesurveyinitselfcouldnotjustifiablyillustratethat...
11,15,17,28,34,40,43,52,55,57,62,65,76,95,102,111,115,117,153,154,161,167,168,174,194,201,206,212,218,224,235
比较
9,Falseanalogy:
错误类比AB,A适合B
IntheargumenttheauthorrecommendsAtocarryoutsame(policies,actions,solutionson...asB,buttheanalogybetweenthemmightbeunsubstantiated.TheauthorfailstoillustratethatAandBaresimilarenoughateveryaspectandareindeedcomparable.WhileitistruethatAandBsharesomecommongroundon...therearestillsomeobviousdifferencesbetweenthem.(manydifferencesexistbetweenAandBandthesedifferencesmaywellrenderthepolicies(actions,solutions,etc)provedtobeeffectiveforAmightnothavethesameeffectivenessforB)
BeforeAdecidetocopyB’sexperiences,theauthorshouldtakethesedifferencesintoaccountandmakecarefulstudyonthecomparabilityofthetwo(cities,companies,schools,etc).
2,4,9,12,13,16,18,20,25,26,28,29,31,35,38,39,41,42,43,44,55,56,67,72,89,91,92,94,97,99,102,108,109,110,116,119,124,125,131,132,133,149,152,155,160,162,169,177,180,182,186,187,192,198,204,205,209,210,211,212,218,226,230,232,235,236,237,238,239
10,Incompletecomparison/selectivecomparison/exparteinformation:
错误对比AB,A不一定比B好
TheauthorhastilyimpliesthatAissuperiortoBin...butthecomparisonbetweenAandBisincomplete.
Theauthoronlycompares...however,therearemyriadoffactorswhich,ifdifferinthesecases,wouldbringabouttotallydifferentresultforthecomparison.(manyotherfactorswouldinfluencetheresultwhileignoredbytheauthorintheargument)Withoutanyfurtherconsiderationaboutthesefactors,theauthorcouldnotconvinceusthat(AisbetterthanBincertainaspect)merelybasedonanincompletecomparison.
11,Confusingcomparisonandvariation:
只对比了一部分的变化orviceversa.
Intheargumenttheauthorprovidesthevariationin...toillustratethat...Althoughthevariationin...couldpartlyprovethat...however,weallknowthattodemonstrate...thecomparisonbetweenAandBisactuallymoreconvincingandnecessary.:
(thecomparisonbetweenthoseentitiescouldbemoreconvincinginillustratingtheconclusion)Lackingcomparisonbetween...wecouldnotassessif...
23,48,63,85,106,132,135,168,173,179,180,186,188,206,216,224,240
Incompletecomparison/exparteinformation:
2,4,17,24,34,49,51,57,60,63,64,77,81,82,85,93,96,98,101,103,105,109,114,126,129,131,132,139,151,159,162,166,167,172,173,179,186,187,188,193,200,203,211,212,214,216,220,222,231,233,234,238,241
12,Differentconcepts:
偷换概念
Inillustratingtheassumptionthat...theauthorcommitsafallacyofhastygeneralization.:
TheauthorcitesAtoproveB,however,AisnotagoodindicationofB.(therearebasicdifferencesbetweenAandB,thusAcouldnotbeproperlyusedtoillustrateB)TheauthoroughttomakecarefulandcleardifferentiationbetweenAandBbeforewecouldevaluateiftheinferencethat...isjustified.
1,3,4,10,11,16,20,23,29,31,34,35,36,38,40,44,48,49,53,55,58,63,67,68,72,77,80,81,85,87,88,89,91,93,96,101,105,106,107,114,120,121,124,130,132,133,134,139,140,143,146,153,155,156,160,161,166,167,172,173,175,181,183,187,188,190,193,194,196,198,199,200,201,Hastygeneralization:
38,54,56,59,61,66,81,89,98,137,140,154
203,212,214,215,216,217,218,220,221,223,231,233,234,235,239,241
13,Differentscopes:
偷换范围
Thefactthat...couldsufficientlysubstantiatetheconclusionthat...sincetheargumentisbasedonlyon(somespecialcases)andtheauthordoesnotdifferentiatebetweenthe...of(differentsubjects).Althoughtheauthor’sinferencethat...mightbetrueforsomecases,forexample,...Unfortunately,thisisnottrueofeveryindividual(inthegeneralgroup).(othersubjectsmayhavetotallydifferentsituationthustheauthor’sinferencecouldnotbeproperlyappliedtothem.)Unlesstheauthorcandemonstratethat(theconditionofothersubjectsissimilartothatofthecasestudied),thegeneralconclusioncannotbereachedmerelybasingonthesespecialandlimitedcases.
3,6,8,10,19,22,23,28,29,40,41,44,45,49,51,60,70,80,83,84,87,90,91,93,94,95,96,97,98,113,115,116,117,118,119,121,126,129,130,131,134,135,145,147,148,150,154,156,158,165,171,172,175,176,180,185,187,188,193,194,19
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