银川托福考试词汇真题汇总附答案.docx
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银川托福考试词汇真题汇总附答案
【银川托福】2017年托福考试词汇真题汇总
1.Thequalityofpreservationisoutstanding,butwhatisevenmoreimpressiveisthenumberofichthyosaurfossilscontainingpreservedembryos.
Theword"outstanding"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?
(A)extensive广阔的规模大的
(B)surprising
(C)vertical垂直的
(D)excellent
2.Ichthyosaurswithembryoshavebeenreportedfrom6differentlevelsoftheshaleinasmallareaaroundHolzamden,suggestingthataspecificsitewasusedbylargenumbersofichthyosaursrepeatedlyovertime.
Theword"site"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?
(A)example
(B)location
(C)development
(D)characteristic
3.Thequalityofpreservationisalmostunmatched,andquarryoperationshavebeencarriedoutcarefullywithanawarenessofthevalueofthefossils.Butthesefactorsdonotaccountfortheinterestingquestionofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceveryclosetotheirtimeofgivingbirth.
Thephrase"accountfor"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?
(A)record
(B)describe
(C)equal
(D)explain
4.Intheseventeenthcenturytheorgan,theclavichord,andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrumentsofthekeyboardgroup,a至高权利supremacytheymaintaineduntilthepianosupplantedthemattheendoftheeighteenthcentury.
Thewords"asupremacy"inline9areclosestinmeaningto
(A)asuggestion
(B)animprovement
(C)adominance控制力
(D)adevelopment
5.Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintothenineteenthcentury,includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit,theperfectionofametalframe,andsteelwireofthefinestquality,finallyproducedaninstrumentcapableof无数的myriadtonaleffectsfromthemostdelicateharmoniestoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound,fromaliquid,singingtonetoaship,percussivebrilliance.
Theword"myriad"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?
(A)noticeable
(B)many
(C)loud
(D)unusual
6.Eachonewasvirtuallyastonetown,whichiswhytheSpanishwouldlatercallthempueblos,theSpanishwordfortowns.ThesepueblosrepresentoneoftheAnasazis'supremeachievements.AtleastadozenlargestonehousestookshapebelowthebluffsofChiacoCanyoninnorthwestNewMexico.
Theword"supreme"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?
(A)mostcommon
(B)mostoutstanding
(C)mostexpensive
(D)mostconvenient
7.Theyfunctionedassanctuarieswheretheeldersmettoplanfestivals,performritualdances,settlepuebloaffairs,andimparttriballoretotheyoungergeneration.
Theword"settle"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?
(A)sink
(B)decide
(C)clarify
(D)locate
8.Then,toconnectthepueblosandtogiveaccesstothesurroundingtableland,thearchitectslaidoutasystemofpublicroadswithstonestaircasesforascending上升的clifffaces.
Theword"ascending"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?
(A)arrivingat
(B)carving
(C)connecting
(D)climbing
9.Withinaveryshorttime,however,theincongruityofplayinglivelymusictoa严肃的solemnfilmbecameapparent,andfilmpianistsbegantotakesomecareinmatchingtheirpiecestothemoodofthefilm.
Theword"solemn"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?
(A)simple
(B)serious
(C)short
(D)silent
10.Certainfilmshadmusicespeciallycomposedforthem.ThemostfamousoftheseearlyspecialscoreswasthatcomposedandarrangedforD.W.Griffith'sfilmBirthofaNation,whichwasreleasedin1915.
Theword"composed"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?
(A)selected
(B)combined
(C)played
(D)created
Theword"scores"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollowing?
(A)totals
(B)successes
(C)musicalcompositions
(D)groupsofmusicians
DivisionsintheEarth'sInterior
(Adaptedfrom,Beatty,1990.)
SeismicdiscontinuitiesaidindistinguishingdivisionsoftheEarthintoinnercore,outercore,D",lowermantle,transitionregion,uppermantle,andcrust(oceanicandcontinental).Lateraldiscontinuitiesalsohavebeendistinguished
andmappedthroughseismictomographybutshallnotbediscussedhere.
Innercore:
1.7%oftheEarth'smass;depthof5,150-6,370kilometers(3,219-3,981miles)
Theinnercoreissolidandunattachedtothemantle,suspendedinthemoltenoutercore.Itisbelievedtohavesolidifiedasaresultofpressure-freezingwhichoccurstomostliquidswhentemperaturedecreasesorpressureincreases.
Outercore:
30.8%ofEarth'smass;depthof2,890-5,150kilometers(1,806-3,219miles)
Theoutercoreisahot,electricallyconductingliquidwithinwhichconvectivemotionoccurs.ThisconductivelayercombineswithEarth'srotationtocreateadynamoeffectthatmaintainsasystemofelectricalcurrentsknownastheEarth'smagneticfield.ItisalsoresponsibleforthesubtlejerkingofEarth'srotation.Thislayerisnotasdenseaspuremolteniron,whichindicatesthepresenceoflighterelements.Scientistssuspectthatabout10%ofthelayeriscomposedofsulfurand/oroxygenbecausetheseelementsareabundantinthecosmosanddissolvereadilyinmolteniron.D":
3%ofEarth'smass;depthof2,700-2,890kilometers(1,688-1,806miles)
Thislayeris200to300kilometers(125to188miles)thickandrepresentsabout4%ofthemantle-crustmass.Althoughitisoftenidentifiedaspartofthelowermantle,seismicdiscontinuitiessuggesttheD"layermightdifferchemicallyfromthelowermantlelyingaboveit.Scientiststheorizethatthematerialeitherdissolvedinthecore,orwasabletosinkthroughthemantlebutnotintothecorebecauseofitsdensity.
Lowermantle:
49.2%ofEarth'smass;depthof650-2,890kilometers(406-1,806miles)
Thelowermantlecontains72.9%ofthemantle-crustmassandisprobablycomposedmainlyofsilicon,magnesium,andoxygen.Itprobablyalsocontainssomeiron,calcium,andaluminum.ScientistsmakethesedeductionsbyassumingtheEarthhasasimilarabundanceandproportionofcosmicelementsasfoundintheSunandprimitivemeteorites.
Transitionregion:
7.5%ofEarth'smass;depthof400-650kilometers(250-406miles)
Thetransitionregionormesosphere(formiddlemantle),sometimescalledthefertilelayer,contains11.1%ofthemantle-crustmassandisthesourceofbasalticmagmas.Italsocontainscalcium,aluminum,andgarnet,whichisacomplexaluminum-bearingsilicatemineral.Thislayerisdensewhencoldbecauseofthegarnet.Itisbuoyantwhenhotbecausethesemineralsmelteasilytoformbasaltwhichcanthenrisethroughtheupperlayersasmagma.
Uppermantle:
10.3%ofEarth'smass;depthof10-400kilometers(6-250miles)
Theuppermantlecontains15.3%ofthemantle-crustmass.Fragmentshavebeenexcavatedforourobservationbyerodedmountainbeltsandvolcaniceruptions.
Olivine(Mg,Fe)2SiO4andpyroxene(Mg,Fe)SiO3havebeentheprimarymineralsfoundinthisway.Theseandothermineralsarerefractoryandcrystallineathightemperatures;therefore,mostsettleoutofrisingmagma,eitherformingnewcrustalmaterialorneverleavingthemantle.Partoftheuppermantlecalledtheasthenospheremightbepartiallymolten.
Oceaniccrust:
0.099%ofEarth'smass;depthof0-10kilometers(0-6miles)
Theoceaniccrustcontains0.147%ofthemantle-crustmass.ThemajorityoftheEarth'scrustwasmadethroughvolcanicactivity.Theoceanicridgesystem,a40,000-kilometer(25,000mile)networkofvolcanoes,generatesnewoceaniccrustattherateof17km3peryear,coveringtheoceanfloorwithbasalt.HawaiiandIcelandaretwoexamplesoftheaccumulationofbasaltpiles.
Continentalcrust:
0.374%ofEarth'smass;depthof0-50kilometers(0-31miles).
Thecontinentalcrustcontains0.554%ofthemantle-crustmass.ThisistheouterpartoftheEarthcomposedessentiallyofcrystallinerocks.Thesearelow-densitybuoyantmineralsdominatedmostlybyquartz(SiO2)andfeldspars
(metal-poorsilicates).Thecrust(bothoceanicandcontinental)isthesurfaceoftheEarth;assuch,itisthecoldestpartofourplanet.Becausecoldrocksdeformslowly,werefertothisrigidoutershellasthelithosphere(therockyorstronglayer).
Themanypartoftheearth’satmospherearelinkedwiththevariouspartsoftheearth’ssurfacetoproduceawhole---theclimatesystem.Differentpartsoftheearth’ssurfacereacttotheenergyofthesunindifferentways.Forexample,iceandsnowreflectmuchofit.Landsurfacesabsorbsolarenergyandheatuprapidly.Oceansstoretheenergywithoutexperiencingasignificanttemperaturerise.Thus,thedifferenttypesofsurfacestransferheatintotheatmosphereatdifferentrates.
Wecanviewclimateasexistinginthreedomains:
space,time,andhumanperception.Inthedomainofspace,wecanstudylocal,regional,andglobalclimates.Intime,wecanlookattheclimateforayear,adecade,amillennium,andsoforth.Finally,wedependonourperceptionsofthedata,sowemustincludeourownhumanperceptionintoourmodel.Humanperceptionmustbeincludedifourunderstandingofclimaticprocessesistobetranslatedintosocietalactions.Asasociety,wemakeinformedchoicesabouthowtousethebeneficialeffectsofclimate,suchasdecidingwhenandwheretoplantcrops.Wealsomakechoicesabouthowtominimizetheharmfuleffectsofclimate---storms,blizzards,anddroughts.
1.Whydoestheauthordiscussdifferentpartsoftheearth’ssurfaceinparagraph1?
A.Toexplainwhyhumansliveinsomepartsbutnotinothers
B.Toshowthattheentireearthismadeofthesamematerial
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