自制GRE模考题3.docx
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自制GRE模考题3.docx
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自制GRE模考题3
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1.Woodisanenvironmentallyfriendlybuildingmaterialbecauseit_____carbondioxide,absorbingitduringgrowthandretainingitevenafterithasbeenturnedintolumber.
A.disperses
B.eradicates
C.sequesters
D.respires
E.regulates
2.Despitethefactthatitisquitedifficulttofind,ineverydaydiscourse,causalexplanationstakingtheformHumeproposed,manyphilosophershaveregardedHume’smodelas_____causalaccounts.
A.paradigmaticof
B.unworkablefor
C.tendentiousabout
D.superfluousto
E.irreducibleto
3.Goodinnotesthatpeoplehave(i)_____cognitivecapacitiesandthattheythereforemustconsidersomefactorsas(ii)_____soastobeabletomakedecisionsaboutotherthings.
4.Somepeople(i)_____translationsofgreatliteraryworks—especiallythoseinsistentonaliteraltranslationforwhomnorenderingisever(ii)_____enough.
5.Itwasnotuntil1995thataplanetbeyondoursolarsystemwasfirstsighted,adiscoverythatgreatlyexcitedastronomers.Manyhadsupposedthattheprocessesthatgaverisetooursolarsystemwerenot(i)_____,andthattherewereotherplanetsintheuniverse.Now,observationshad(ii)_____.
6.Thelongerthemigratoryroute,themorefatmigratingbirdsmustaccumulateasfuelfortheirflight.Thegaininbodymasswouldmakebirdsobesebyhumanstandards,andshouldrenderthemunabletofly,butthisgainis(i)_____premigratory(ii)_____ofdigestiveorgans,inactiveduringmigration,andbythe(iii)_____ofthemusclesthatpowertheflight.
56
Soilcommunitiesaredependentonplantsfororganicmatter.Plantsprovideorganicmatterforsoilcommunitiesthroughthedecompositionofleaflitter,byoozingnutrientsfromroots,orthroughothermethodsofdepositionoforganiccompoundsintothesoilenvironments.Asaresultofthesediversemethodsbywhichplantssupplyresources,uniquesoilcommunitiesformunderdifferentplantspeciesandunderplantcommunitiesthatdifferincomposition.Ifanonnativeplantspeciesinvadesanabove-groundcommunityoffloraandfauna,itcanalterlinksbetweenthenativeabove-groundcommunityandthebelow-groundsoilcommunity.Forexample,aninvadingnonnativeplantcouldalterthequantityofleaflitterproduction,whichwouldalternutrientcontributionstothesoil.
7.Accordingtothepassage,plantssupplyresourcestosoilcommunitiesbywhichofthefollowingmethods?
A.Someplantssupplyresourcestosoilcommunitiesbypromotingdiversityofabove-groundfloraandfauna.
B.Someplantssupplyresourcestosoilcommunitiesbyoozingnutrientsfromtheirroots.
C.Someplantssupplyresourcestosoilcommunitiesbydepositingleaflitter.
8.Whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheconnectionbetweenabove-groundplantsandbelow-groundsoilcommunitiescanbeinferredfromthepassage?
A.Becauseofthenatureofthelinkbetweenabove-andbelow-groundcommunities,manysoilcommunitiesaredeficientinnutrients.
B.Theextenttowhichsoilcommunitiesaredependentonabove-groundplantsisextremelyvariablefromonesoilcommunitytoanother.
C.Becausedifferentplantssupplyresourcestosoilcommunitiesindifferentways,distinctivesoilcommunitiesformunderdifferentplantcommunities.
27
Basedonevidencefromtreerings,pollensamplesandotherrecords,scientistshaveforalongtimeassumedthatinterglacials—warminterludesbetweeniceages—wereasmildanduniformastheHolocene,thepresentinterglacial,hasbeenforallofits8,000to10,000years.ButnewresearchinGreenlandhasputthisassumptionintoquestion.
Researchersontwoteams,theGreenlandIce-CoreProject(GRIP)andtheGreenlandIceSheetProject2(GISP2),haveanalyzedtwodifferentcylindersofice,eachabouttwomilesindepth,pulledupfromtheGreenlandicesheet.Suchicecorestrapgases,bitsofdust,andotherchemicalsthatwerepresentinthesnowthatfelloverGreenlandforthousandsofyearsandthenbecamecompressedintoice.Bystudyingthesecomponents,scientistshaveobtainedadetailedarchiveofmanyaspectsofclimate,includingairtemperatures,snowfall,andconcentrationsofgreenhousesgasesintheatmosphere.
Findingsfromtheuppersectionsofthecoreshaveconfirmedwhatscientistsalreadyknewclimateduringthelasticeagefluctuatedrapidly.ButscientistswereastonishedbyfindingsfromthelowersectionsoftheGRIPcore,whichprovidedacloselookataninterglacialperiodotherthanourown,theEemianinterglacial,aperiodthatlastedfrom135,000to115,000yearsago.DatafromGRIPseemtoindicatethattheEemianclimateswungatleastaswildlyastheclimateoficeageperiods.
Researchers’cluestotheEemianclimatecomefrommeasurementsoftheratiosoftwoslightlydifferenttypesofoxygen,isotopesoxygen-16andoxygen-18,preservedintheGRIPcore.Theseratiosregisterthefluctuationsofairtemperaturesovertheseasonsandyears.Whentheairwaswarm,vaporcontainingtheheavierisotope,oxygen-18,condensedandformedprecipitation,intheformofsnow,morereadilythandidvaporcontainingoxygen-16.Thus,snowthatfellduringwarmerperiodscontainsproportionallymoreoxygen-18thansnowdepositedduringcoldspells.Evidenceofrapidclimateshiftswasalsodrawnfromothersources,suchasmeasurementsofamountsofdustandcalciumionsintheicelayersduringcoldperiods:
windswerestrong,causingcalcium-richdustfromloessdeposits,whicharecomposedofloosesurfacesediment,toblowacrosstheicesheet.Thus,differingamountsofdustinthelayersalsoindicatechangingclimaticconditions.
However,findsfromthelowersectionofGISP2donotconfirmthoseofGRIP.ThewildclimateswingsshownbyGRIPinthelastinterglacialarenotseenintheGISP2core.AccordingtoaGISP2scientist,theweightofflowingglacialiceabovehasstressedthelowersectionsofbothcores.Thismayhavedeformedthelowerice,disruptingitsannuallayersandtherebycausingthediscrepancybetweentherecords.Still,someclimatologistsbelieveGRIP’srecordmaybethemorereliableofthetwo.Itwasdrilledclosertoalocationcalledtheicedivide,wherestresseswouldhavebeenlower,theysay.
9.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith
A.refutingcertainscientifictheoriesaboutEarth’sclimatichistory
B.outliningnewfindingsconcerningEarth’sclimateduringiceages
C.discussingnewresearchthatmaychallengealong-heldscientificassumptionaboutEarth’sclimatichistory
D.describingtheclimaticchangesthatoccurredwhenEarthmovedfromaniceageintoaninterglacialperiod
E.reconcilingconflictingevidenceconcerningclimaticchanges.
10.WhichofthefollowingdescribesresearchthatismostclearlyanalogoustothetestingdonebyGRIPscientists?
A.ScientistsstudyingtheformationoftheSaharadesertmeasuretherateoftopsoilerosionintheregion"
B.Scientistsseekingtodeterminetheageofaparticularfossilmeasurethepercentageofitscarbonatomsthathavedecayed
C.ScientistsresearchingvisioninfliesmeasureandcomparetheamountsofvitaminAfoundintheretinasofseveralflyspecies."
D.ScientistsinvestigatingthedevelopmentoflifeonEarthmeasureandcomparetheamountofoxygenusedbyvariousorganismsalongtheevolutionaryscale.
E.Scientistsplottingthefluctuationsinrainfallintheearlyrainforestsmeasurethepresenceofcertaingasestrappedintreeringsofoldertrees.
11Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisthemostaccuratestatementofwhatscientistsbelieved,priortotheGRIPfindings,aboutEarth’sclimate?
"
A.OverthecourseofEarth’shistory,interglacialshavebecomeprogressivelymilder
B.Earth’soverallclimatehasbeengenerallymildsincetheplanet’sformation
C.Duringbothinterglacialsandiceages,Earth’sclimatehasfluctuatedviolently.
D.Duringiceages,Earth’sclimatehasbeenhighlyvariable,whereasduringinterglacialsithasbeenmildandstable."
E.Duringinterglacials,Earth’sclimatehasbeenhighlyvariable,whereasduringiceagesithasbeenuniformlycoldandicy.
12.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingismostlikelytohavebeentrueoftheoxygen-16andoxygen-18isotopesfoundinthelowersectionsoftheGRIPcore?
"
A.Therewassignificantlymoreisotopeoxygen-18thanisotopeoxygen-16intheicelayers.
B.Therewassignificantlymoreisotopeoxygen-16thanisotopeoxygen-18intheicelayers.
C.Ratiosofisotopesoxygen-18andoxygen-16variedintheicelayers.
D.Layerscontainingisotopeoxygen-18placedstressonthelayerscontainingisotopeoxygen-16,possiblydistortingthem."
E.Isotopeoxygen-16,beinglighter,waslocatedmainlyintheupperlayers,whereasoxygen-18hadsettledintothelowerlayers.
13.Inspiteofherfascinationwithchance,coincidence,andcontingency,Stanning’snovelsare_____constructed,writtenfromtheheadratherthantheheart.
A.hastily
B.extravagantly
C.painstakingly
D.meticulously
E.evocatively
F.impulsively
14.Althoughtraditionallyartistshaverightlybeenseenasthemost_____audiencefor
theworkoftheircolleagues,todaytasteisalsocreatedbycriticsandcuratorsandoccasionallybycollectors.
A.arbitrary
B.volatile
C.perceptive
D.impulsive
E.subjective
F.discerning
15.Everyseriousattemptatahistoricalportraitofthepastwillsubtlyabsorbthemilieuandtemperamentofitslivingauthor,however_____heorshesetsouttobe.
A.entertaining
B.comprehensive
C.objective
D.engaging
E.rigorous
F.impartial
16.Althoughwenolongerhavetorelyonsalttokeepfoodfromspoiling,ourappetiteforitis_____:
mostpeopleeatmuchmoresaltthantheyneed.
A.involu
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