英国文学各时期知识点梳理提纲.docx
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英国文学各时期知识点梳理提纲.docx
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英国文学各时期知识点梳理提纲
英国文学
1.中古时期的英国文学
Ballad(民谣):
(1)Balladisastoryinpoeticformtobesungorrecited.
(2)Balladswerepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.(3)RobinHoodisafamousballadsingingthegoodsofRobinHood.Coleridge’sTheRimeofAncientMarineisa19thcenturyEnglishballad.
Epic(史诗):
(1)Epic,inpoetry,referstoalongworkdealingwiththeactionsofgodsandheroes.
(2)BeowulfisthegreatestnationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.JohnMiltonwrotethreegreatepics:
ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegainedandSamsonAgonists.
Romance(罗曼文学/骑士文学):
(1)RomanceisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalEngland.
(2)Itsingsknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds.(3)Chivalry(suchasbravery,honor,generosity,loyaltyandkindnesstotheweakandpoor)isthespiritofromance.
Alliteration(押头韵):
(1)Alliterationmeansarepetitionofinitialsoundsofseveralwordsinalineorgroup.
(2)AlliterationisatraditionalpoeticdeviceinEnglishliterature.(3)RobertFrost’spoemAcquaintedwiththeNightisacaseinpoint:
“Ihavestoodstillandstoppedthesoundoffeet”.
Beowulf《贝奥武甫》:
(1)Beowulf,atypicalexampleofOldEnglishpoetry,isregardedasthegreatestnationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.
(2)TheepicdescribestheheroicdeedsofScandinavianhero,Beowulf,infightingagainstthemonsterGrendel,hisrevengefulmother,andafire-breathingdragon.(3)Thepoemconveysahopethattherighteouswilltriumphovertheevil.
GeoffreyChaucer(乔叟):
(1)HeisregardedasthefatherofEnglishpoetry.
(2)TheCanterburyTalesishismasterpiece.(3)Hepresents,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,acomprehensiverealisticpictureofmedievalEnglishsocietyandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife.(4)ChaucerintroducedfromFrancerhymedstanzasofvarioustypes(heroiccouplet)intoEnglishpoetrytoreplacetheOldEnglishalliterativeverse.(5)ItwasChaucerwhomadeLondondialectthefoundationformodernEnglishspeech.(6)Hischaracterizationisvivid.
Hismajorworks:
TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》,TroilusandCriseyde《特罗勒斯和科丽西德》,TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰罗曼史》,TheHouseofFame《声誉之堂》.
BriefdescriptionofTheCanterburyTales:
(1)TheCanterburyTalesisChaucer’smonumentalsuccess.
(2)ItisacollectionofstoriestoldbyagroupofpilgrimsontheirwaytoCanterbury.(3)ItwasinfluencedbyBoccaccio(薄伽丘)’sDecameron(《十日谈》).(4)InthepoemChaucerpresents,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,acomprehensiverealisticpictureofthemedievalsocietyandcreatesawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife.(5)ThepoemshowsChaucer’shumanismandanticipatesaneweratocome.
WilliamLangland(威廉•兰格伦):
(1)PiersPlowman(《农夫皮尔斯》)isapoemthatgivesapictureofthelifeinfeudalEngland.
(2)Itisaprotestagainstthethensocialinjustice.
2.文艺复兴时期的英国文学
Renaissance(文艺复兴):
(1)theword“Renaissance”means“rebirth”.ItmeantthereintroductionintoWesternEuropeofthefullculturalheritageofGreeceandRome.
(2)TheessenceofRenaissanceishumanism.Attitudesandfeelingswhichhadbeencharacteristicofthe14thand15thcenturiespersistedwelldownintotheeraofHumanismandReformation.(3)TherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandramawithWilliamShakespearebeingtheleadingdramatist.
Humanism(人文主义):
(1)HumanismistheessenceofRenaissance.
(2)Itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofpresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenterofuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepresentlife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.
Spenserianstanza(斯宾塞诗节):
(1) SpenserianstanzaisthecreationofEdmundSpenser.
(2)Itreferstoastanzaofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambicpentameterandthelastlineiniambichexameter(六步音),rhymingababbcbcc.(3)Spenser’sTheFaerieQueenewaswritteninthiskindofstanza.
Conceit(奇特的比喻):
(1)Conceitisafar-fetchedsimileormetaphor,aliteraryconceitoccurswhenthespeakercomparestwohighlydissimilarthings.
(2)ConceitisextensivelyemployedinJohnDonne’spoetry.
Metaphysicalpoetry(玄学派诗歌):
(1)MetaphysicalPoetryiscommonlyusedtonamethenameoftheworkofthe17th-centurywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.
(2)Witharebelliousspirit,themetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.(3)ThedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheneoclassicalperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.(4)Theimageryisdrawnfromactuallife.
Sonnet(十四行诗):
(1)SonnetisoneofthemostconventionalandinfluentialformsofpoetryinEurope.
(2)Asonnetisalyricconsistingof14lines,usuallyiniambicpentameter,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.(3)Shakespeare’ssonnetsarewell-known.
Blankverse(无韵体诗):
(1)Blankverseisversewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.
(2)ItistheverseformusedinsomeofthegreatestEnglishpoetry,includingthatofWilliamShakespeareandJohnMilton.
Meter(格律):
(1)Theword“meter”isderivedfromtheGreekword“metron”,meaning“measure”.
(2)InEnglishwhenappliedtopoetry,itreferstotheregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllables.(3)Theanalysisofmeteriscalledscansion(格律分析).
Allegory(寓言):
(1)Allegoryisastorytoldtoexplainorteachsomething,especiallyalongandcomplicatedstorywithanunderlyingmeaningdifferentfromthesurfacemeaningofthestoryitself.
(2)Allegoricalnovelsuseextendedmetaphorstoconveymoralmeaningsorattackcertainsocialevils.Charactersinthesenovelsoftenstandfordifferentvaluessuchasvirtueandvice.(3)Bunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress,Golding’sLordoftheFliesandMelville’sMobyDickarethreeexamplesofthiskind.
Stanza(诗节):
(1)Stanzaisagroupoflinesofpoetry,usuallyfourormore,arrangedaccordingtoafixedplan.
(2)Thestanzaistheunitofstructureinapoemandpoetsdonotvarytheunitwithinapoem.
UniversityWits(大学才子):
(1)UniversityWitsrefertoagroupofscholarsduringtheElizabethAgewhograduatedfromeitherOxfordorCambridge.TheycametoLondonwiththeambitiontobecomeprofessionalwriters.Someofthemlaterbecamefamouspoetsandplaywrights.Theywerecalled“universitywits”.
(2)ThomasGreene,ThomasKyd,JohnLilyandChristopherMarlowwereamongthem.(3)Theypavedtheways,tosomedegree,forthecomingofShakespeare.
Foreshadowing(预兆):
(1)Foreshadowing,indrama,meansamethodusedtobuildsuspensebyprovidinghintsofwhatistocome.
(2)InShakespeare’sRomeoandJuliet,Romeo’sexpressionoffearinAct1,scene4foreshadowsthecatastrophetocome:
Ifeartooearly;formymindmisgives
Someconsequenceyethanginginthestars…
Soliloquy(独白):
(1)Soliloquy,indrama,meansamomentwhenacharacterisaloneandspeakshisorherthoughtsaloud.
(2)Inthelines“Tobe,ornottobe,thatisthequestion”,whichbeginsthefamoussoliloquyfromAct3,Scene1ofShakespeare’sHamlet.InthissoliloquyHamletquestionswhetherornotlifeisworthliving,andspeaksofthereasonswhyhedoesnotendhislife.
NarrativePoem(叙述诗):
(1)ANarrativePoemreferstoapoemthattellsastory.
(2)Itmayconsistofaseriesofincidents,asinHomer’sTheIliadandTheOdysseus,andJohnMilton’sParadiseLost.
3.启蒙主义时期的英国文学
LiteraryTerms
TheEnlightenmentMovement(启蒙运动)
(1)EnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFranceandsweptthroughWesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.
(2)ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissancefrom14thcenturytothemid-17thcentury.(3)Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.(4)Itcelebratedreasonorrationality,equallyandscience.Itadvocateduniversaleducation.Literatureatthetimebecameaverypopularmeansofpubliceducation.(5)FamousamongthegreatenlightenersinEnglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeJohnDryden,AlexanderPope,JosephAddisonandSirRichardSteele,thetwopioneersoffamiliaressays,JohnathanSwift,RichardBringsleySheridan,DanielDefoe,HenryFieldingandSamuelJohnson,etc.
Neoclassicism(新古典主义)
(1)Inthefieldofliterature,theEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.
(2)Thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheneoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriterssuchasHomerandVigilandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.(3)Theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.
TheGraveyardSchool(墓地派诗歌)
(1)TheGraveyardSchoolreferstoaschoolofpoetsofthe18thcenturywhosepoemsaremostlydevotedtoasentimentallamentationormeditationonlife,pastandpresent,withdeathandgraveyardasthemes.
(2)ThomasGrayisconsideredtobetheleadingfigureofthisschoolandhisElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyardisitsmostrepresentativework.
TheHeroicCouplet(英雄对偶句)
TheHeroicCoupletmeansapairoflinesofatypeonceinEnglishpoetry,inotherwords,itmeansiambicpentameterrhymedintwolines.
Elegy(挽歌)
(1)Elegyhastypicallybeenusedtorefertoreflectivepoemsthatlamentthelossofsomethingorsomeone.
(2)InMemoriambyAlfredTennysonisafamouselegy.
Satire(讽刺)
(1)Satiremeansakindofwritingthatholdsuptoridiculeorcontempttheweaknessandwrongdoingsofindividuals,groups,
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- 关 键 词:
- 英国文学 时期 知识点 梳理 提纲
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