整理英美文学期末Summary4ofEnglishLiterature.docx
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整理英美文学期末Summary4ofEnglishLiterature.docx
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整理英美文学期末Summary4ofEnglishLiterature
(完整版)英美文学期末Summary4ofEnglishLiterature
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(完整版)英美文学期末Summary4ofEnglishLiterature
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Summary4ofEnglishLiterature
•ChapterSixTheModernPeriod
BackgroundInformation:
•Inthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyandtheearlydecadesofthe20thcentury,bothnaturalandsocialsciencesinEuropehadenormouslyadvanced。
Thetwoworldwarsdestroyedpeople’sfaithintheVictorianvaluesandgaverisetoallkindsofphilosophicalideasinWesternEurope.
•Modernismroseoutofskepticismanddisillusionofcapitalism。
ItbeganwiththeFrenchSymbolisminthelate19thcentury.Towardsthe1920s,differentliterarytrendsofmodernismconvergedintoamightytorrentofmodernistmovement。
MajorfiguresassociatedwiththismovementwereKafka,Picasso,Pound,Eliot,JoyceandVirginiaWoolf.
•AftertheSecondWorldWar,avarietyofmodernism,orpost-modernism,likeexistentialistliterature,theateroftheabsurd,newnovelsandblackhumor,rosewiththespuroftheexistentialistideathat“theworldwasabsurd,andthehumanlifewasanagony.
•Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted,alienatedandillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself.
•Modernism,isinmanyrespects,areactionagainstrealism。
DramaintheModernPeriod
•Themostcelebrateddramatistsinthelastdecadeofthe19thcenturywereOscarWilde(TheImportanceofBeingEarnest)andGeorgeBernardShaw,whopioneeredthemoderndrama.
•Shawisconsideredtobethebest—knownEnglishdramatistsinceShakespeare,whoseworksareexamplesoftheplayinspiredbysocialcriticism.HisrepresentativeworksareWidower’sHouses《鳏夫之家》,Mrs。
Warren’sProfession《华伦夫人的职业》andHeartbreakHouse《伤心之屋》。
PoetryinTheModernPeriod
•The20thcenturywitnessedagreatachievementinEnglishpoetry。
TheearlypoemsofEzraPoundandT。
S。
EliotandYeats’maturedpoetrymarkedtheriseof“modernpoetry,”whichwas,insomesense,arevolutionagainsttheconventionalideasandformsoftheVictorianpoetry.
WilliamButlerYeats
威廉·巴特勒·叶芝(1865~1939)
•Irishpoetanddramatist,thecentralpoetofmodernliterature
•Hisfamerestschieflywithhisshorterpoemsandlyrics.T。
S.EliotconsideredhimtobethegreatestEnglish—speakingpoetofhisage.
•Thethreemajorconcernsofhislife—art,Irishnationalismandoccultstudies—areallcentraltohispoetryanddrama.
•Representativepoems:
•TheLakeIsleofInnisfree
“茵尼斯弗利岛”
•SailingtoByzantium
“驶向拜占庭”
•LedaandtheSwan:
“丽达与天鹅"
IrishNationalTheaterMovement
•Withtheirjointefforts,theIrishplaywrightslikeW.B。
Yeats,LadyGregory,andJ。
M。
SyngebroughtabouttheIrishNationalTheaterMovementintheearly20thcentury,thusstartinganIrishdramaticrevival.Yeatswastheleaderofthismovement.TowriteaboutIrelandforanIrishaudienceandtorecreateaspecificallyIrishliterature——-theseweretheaimsthatYeatswasfightingforasapoetandaplaywright。
Summaryof“TheLakeIsleofInnisfree":
Thetwelve-linepoemisdividedintothreequatrainswitharhymepatternababcdcdefef.ItisanexampleofYeats’searlierlyricpoems.Theshortpoemexploresthespeaker’slongingforthepeaceandtranquilityofInnisfreewhileresidinginanurbansetting.Itistypicallyapastoralpoem。
Yeatsusedsoundsfoundinnature(bees,crickets,andwaterlapping)tomakeInnisfreeappeartobepeacefulandtranquil.Thereisapauseinthemiddleofthefirstthreelinesofeverystanza;Yeatsdoesthistoslowthereaderdown,sothattheycanfeelthecalmthathislinesareexpressing.Alliterationisalsousedinthispoem(cabin,clay;glimmer,glow)。
Hedescribedwherethepeacecomesfromthroughseveralvisualandauralimages,like“theveilsofthemorning”,“purpleglow”and“thecricketsings。
”
Hecanescapethenoiseofthecityandbelulledbythe”lakewaterlappingwithlowsoundsbytheshore。
”Onthissmallisland,hecanreturntonaturebygrowingbeansandhavingbeehives,byenjoyingthe"purpleglow"ofnoon,thesoundsofbirds’wings,and,ofcourse,thebees。
HecanevenbuildacabinandstayontheislandmuchasThoreau,theAmericanTranscendentalist,livedonWaldenPond。
T。
S。
Eliot艾略特(1888~1965)
•oneofthemostimportantmodernistpoets,versedramatistsandprosewriters
•Eliot'smostimportantsinglepoemTheWasteLandhasbeenhailedasalandmarkandamodelofthe20th—centuryEnglishpoetry.Itisoftenregardedasbeingprimarilyareflectionofthe20th-centurypeople’sdisillusionmentandfrustrationinasterileandfutilesociety.
•Representativeworks:
•MurderintheCathedral《教堂里的谋杀案》
•TraditionandIndividualTalent《传统与个人天才》
•PrufrockandOtherObservations《普鲁弗洛克与其它情况》
•TheWasteLand《荒原》
•TheHollowMen《空心人》
•FourQuartets
《四个四重奏》
“TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock”“阿尔弗瑞德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌”
•Eliot'smoststrikingearlyachievement
•Writteninaformofdramaticmonologue,itpresentsthemeditationofanagingyoungmanoverthebusinessofproposingmarriage。
Itisapretended“lovesong”。
Thepoemisintenselyanti—romanticwithvisualimagesofhard,grittyobjectsandevasivehellishatmosphere。
•Prufrock,theprotagonistofthepoem,isneurotic,self-important,illogicalandincapableofaction.Heisakindoftragicfigurecaughtinasenseofdefeatedidealismandtorturedbyunsatisfieddesires.
NovelsintheModernPeriod
•Therealisticnovelsintheearly20thcenturywerethecontinuationoftheVictoriantradition,yetitsexposingandcriticizingpowerhadbeensomewhatweakened.ThethreetrilogiesofJohnGalsworthy’sForsytenovelsaremasterpiecesofcriticalrealismintheearly20thcentury,whichrevealedthecorruptedcapitalistworld。
•Thefirstthreedecadesofthe20thcenturyweregoldenyearsofthemodernistnovel.Instimulatingthetechnicalinnovationsofnovelcreation,thetheoryoftheFreudianandJungianpsycho—analysisplayedaparticularlyimportantrole.
•WriterslikeDorothyRichardson,JamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolfconcentratedalltheireffortsondiggingintothehumanconsciousness。
Theyhadcreatedunprecedentedstream—of-consciousnessnovelssuchasPilgrimage(1915~1938)byRichardson,Ulysses(1922)byJoyce,andMrs。
Dalloway(1925)bywoolf。
Theirworksmadetremendousimpactonthecreationofbothrealisticandmodernistnovelsinthiscentury。
•IntheworksofE.M。
Foster(APassagetoIndia,ARoomwithaView)andD.H。
Lawrence,oldtraditionsarestillthere,buttheirsubjectmatterabouthumanrelationshipsandtheirsymbolicorpsychologicalpresentationsofthenovelareentirelymodern。
•Modernistnovelscametoadeclineinthe1930s,thoughJoyceandWoolfcontinuedtheirexperiments.
JamesJoyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882~1941)
•themostoutstandingstream-of-consciousnessnovelist
•Inhislifetime,hewrotealtogetherthreenovels,acollectionofshortstories,twovolumesofpoetryandoneplay.
•Thenovelsandstorieshavethesamesetting:
Ireland,especiallyDublin,andthesamesubject:
theIrishpeopleandtheirlife.
•Joyce'sencyclopedia-likemasterpieceUlysseshasbecomeaprimeexampleofmodernisminliterature.TheprotagonistLeopoldBloomhasbecomethesymbolofevery-maninthepost—World—WarⅠEurope.
•Representativeworks:
•Dubliners《都柏林人》
•APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan《青年艺术家的画像》
•Ulysses《尤利西斯》
•FinnegansWake《芬尼根的苏醒》
DavidHerbertLawrence大卫·赫伯特·劳伦斯(1885~1930)
•Enlgishnovelist,short-storywriter,poetandessayist。
•oneofthegreatestEnglishnovelistsofthe20thcentury,andthegreatestfromaworking—classfamily
•HeisregardedasrevolutionaryasJoyceinnovelwriting;butunlikeJoyce,hewasnotconcernedwithtechnicalinnovations。
•Lawrence’sinterestlayinthetracingofthepsychologicaldevelopmentofhischaractersandinhisenergeticcriticismofthedehumanizingeffectofthecapitalistindustrializationonhumannature。
•Representativeworks:
•TheWhitePeacock《白孔雀》
•LadyChatterley’sLover
《查特莱夫人的情人》
•SonsandLovers《儿子和情人》
•TheRainbow《虹》
•WomeninLove《恋爱中的女人》
streamofconsciousness
Streamofconsciousnessisanarrativetechniquethatpresentsthoughtsasiftheywerecomingdirectlyfromacharacter’smind.
DevelopedbysuchwritersasJamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolf,stream-of—consciousnesswritingisusedtorevealacharacter’scomplexpsychologyandtopresentitinrealisticdetail.
Lackingchronologicalorder,theeventsinastreamofconsciousnessnarrativearepresentedfromthecharacter’spointofview,mixedinwiththecharacter’songoingfeelingsandmemories.
VirginiaWoolf(1882~1941)
1882-1941,Englishnovelistandessayist;daughterofSirLeslieStephen。
Asuccessfulinnovatorintheformofthenovel,sheisconsideredasignificantforcein20th—centuryfiction。
ConsideredoneofthebestoftheModernistwriters,VirginiaWoolf’spersonallifeisalmostasintriguingasherfiction.
AsanovelistWoolf'sprimaryconcernwastorepresenttheflowofordinaryexperience.Heremphasiswasnotonplo
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