Unit4PortraitofanActress.docx
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Unit4PortraitofanActress.docx
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Unit4PortraitofanActress
IV.PortraitofanActress
Abouttheauthor
Woolf----
Virginia(Stephen)Woolf,1882–1941,Englishnovelist.Shewasaninnovativeinfluenceonthe20th-cent.novel.Withherhusband,LeonardWoolf,shesetuptheHogarthPressin1917.TheirhomewasthecenterfortheBLOOMSBURYGROUUP.InherwritingsheconcentratedontheflowofordinaryexperiencethroughtheSTREAMOFCONSCIOUSNESStechnique.Herproseispoetic,symbolic,andvisual.Woolf’snovelsincludeMrs.Dalloway(1925),TotheLighthouse(1927),Orlando(1928),TheWaves(1931),andBetweentheActs(1940).HercriticismiscontainedinTheCommonReader(1925)andvolumesofessays,letters,anddiaries.Shealsowrotetwofeministtracts,ARoomofOne’sOwn(1929)andThreeGuineas(1938).
VirginiaWoolfrevoltedagainstwhatshecalledthe‘materialism’ofmajorBritishnovelistsoftheearly1900’s.Bythisshemeanttheirpreoccupationwithoutward,visibleevents.Shefeltitwasmoreimportanttoshowtheinneressenceofacharacterinfictionbyrevealingthecharacter’sthoughtsandconcentratingonprecise,significantdetailsabouthim.ShefollowedthepathwhichJamesJoycehadopenedup,andthenbranchedoffinanewdirection.VirginiaWoolf’sstoriesoftenreflectherconcernaboutwomen.Shesufferedinherownexperienceasaneminentwomanintellectual,andencounteredspecialdifficultiesasawomanwriter,inatimewhenevenuniversitylibrariesweresometimesclosedtowomen.Herpointofviewwasalwaysprogressiveandopen-minded,andsheencouragedotherstoliberatetheirmindslikewise.
Inherworks,VirginiaWoolfwantedtoemphasizethecontinuousflowofpeople’sexperiencesinlife,andtoshowhowexternalcircumstancesonlyaffectapersontothedegreethathenoticesthemortakesaccountofthem,eachaccordingtohisowntypeofcharacter.Shewantedalsotoshowthecontradictionsoftime,whichalwaysexistsinthepresenttense,yetflowsunbrokenthroughtheyearsandcenturies.Inhermostpopularnovels,Mrs.DallowayandToTheLighthouse,sheshowedhertechnicalmasteryasawriter.Bothbookshaveatightlyorganizedform,inwhichthetimeoftheactionisveryshort,allowingspaceformuchdetail,andinwhichimagesrecurlikerhymesinapoem.Heruseofverylongsentences,difficultsyntaxandlargevocabularysometimesmakeherbookshardtoread.
Backgroundnotes
BloomsburyGroup----BloomsburyisasectionofLondon,neartheBritishMuseumandtheuniversities,withseveralsquaresandsmallparkssurroundedbyprivatehouses.ThenamewasgiventoanumberofBritishwriters,philosophersandartistswholivedthereandmetforinformaldiscussionsateachother’shousesbetween1907and1930.Theydiscussedquestionsofartandphilosophywithopenminds,seekingthedefinitionsof‘good’,‘true’and‘beautiful’.Theyexaminedallideascommonlyheldbythesociety,lookingforelementsofinsincerityandfalselogic.Theydidnotformasingleschoolofthought,althoughtheysharedmanyideas.Thegroup’simportancelayinthehighnumberofbrilliant,talentedpeoplewhomadeBloomsburythecentreofprogressivenewthinkinginBritain.Ingeneral,itsmemberscriticizedtheVictorianconservatismofBritishsocietyinmattersofreligion,moralityandart,andtheysoughttruththroughtheuseofreason.
VirginiaWoolfwasoneofthefirstmembers.OthersmembersincludedLyttonSTRACHEY,LeonardWOOLF,E.M.FORSTER,V.SACKVILLE-WEST,RogerFRY,CliveBell,andJohnMaynardKEYNES.
streamofconsciousness----Literarytechniqueforrecordingthethoughtsandfeelingsofacharacterwithoutregardtotheirlogicalassociationornarrativesequence.Thewriterattemptstoreflectalltheforcesaffectingthepsychologyofacharacteratasinglemoment.IntroducedbytheFrenchwriterEdouardDujardininWe’lltotheWoodsNoMore(1888),thetechniquewasusednotablybyJamesJOYCE,VirginiaWOOLFandWilliamFAULKNER.
Aboutthetext
comeon----appearonormoveto(thestage)
WhenLawrenceOlivercameonforthefirsttime,theaudienceapplauded.
Thenextplayercameonfiveminuteslate.
Peopleclappedandshoutedandmadehercomeonagainandagain.
4CaptainBrassbound’sConversion----aplaywrittenbyGeorgeBernardShaw.
4thestagecollapsedlikeahouseofcards----Thisisofcoursemetaphorical.TheidesisthatwhenEllenTerryappearedonthestageasLadyCicely,itwasasifthestagehadsuddenlyceasedtoexist.Shewasthecentralfigure,castingalltheotheractorsintotheshade.
4aripe,richlyseasoned“cello”----A‘cello’madeofelaboratelyseasonedwood,thatis,woodmadespeciallyhardforuse.Season’:
--toharden(wood)tomakeitreadyforusebydryingitgradually:
Thesedayswoodisrarelyseasonedinthetraditionalwayandistreatedwithpreservativeinstead.
4itgrated,itglowedanditgrowled----Noticetherepetitionoftheletter‘g’whichsoundsanoteofpassionandrage.
settee----asofa
Shehadforgottenherpart.----Shehadforgottenherlinesintheplay.(Sheforgotwhatthecharactershouldsaynext.)
shefilledthestage----She,whenonthestage,becametheattractioncentreoftheaudience.
pastherprime----herbestpossibleconditionwasover.
uncongenial----unsuitable;unabletoprovidetherightconditionsfor(happiness,peaceofmind,etc.)
Uncongenialcompany/weather/surroundings
4Portia----heroineinShakespeare’sMerchantofVenice.
4Desdemona----heroineinShakespeare’sOthello.
4Ophelia----heroineinShakespeare’sHamlet.
comeupon----affect;happento
Fearcameupontheboy.
Thisthinghascomeuponmemoreorlessunexpectedly.
4Velasquez----DiegoRodriguezdeSilvayVelasquez(1599–1660):
aleadingpainteroftheSpanishschool.
4thebeautifulcolouredcanvas----theportraitpaintedinoilsonthecanvas.
wavering----swaying;swinging
It’stheparty’slastattempttopersuadesomeofthenation’swaveringvoterstosupportthem.
averballifeonthelipsoftheliving----onlybecomingasubjecttalkedaboutbypeople(afterdinner)
4EllenTerry----EllenAliceTerry,famousEnglishactress(1847–1920).Shemadeherfirstappearanceonthestageattheageofnine.ShejoinedCharlesKean’scompanyandremainedwithhimuntil1859.In1863whenshewasonlysixteen,shewasmarriedtoGeorgeFrederickWatts,anelderlypainterofsomereputation.Themarriagewasafailure.Shereturnedtothetheatreforashorttime,butleftitagainforsixyears,duringwhichtimeshehadtwochildrenbythearchitectEdwardGodwin.In1878,HenryIrvingencouragedherashisleadinglady,andthispartnershipestablishedEllenTerryasthemostcelebratedactressofhertime.
4Irving----HenryIrving(1838–1905),famousEnglishactorwhowasengagedasleadingmanattheLyceumin1871.In1878hetookoverthemanagementofthetheatre,withEllenashisleadinglady.
andindignantatthecaricaturesofhisdetractors----TerrybecameveryangrywiththosepeoplewhocriticizedIrving.
obsessed----veryworriedaboutsomething;unabletostopthinkingaboutsomething
Thegovernmentseemsobsessedbytheneedforsecurity.
Whyarepeoplesoobsessedwithmoneytoday?
scribble----write(something)quicklyandcarelessly
I’lljustscribbleDadanote/scribbleanotetoDadtosaywearegoingout.
bubbleoff----flowoutof(herwritingswasbothsmoothandfullofpassion.)
4Itistrue,shecouldnotbuildahousewithwords,oneroomopeningoutofanother;andastaircaseconnectingthewhole----itistruethatherwritingisnotalwayswellconstructed(butherwordsareoftenmoreexpressivethanthoseofaprofessionalwriter).
takeup----startingdoingsomething
We’renotverygoodatFrench,wetookituprecently.
Shehasjusttakenupcyclingtowork.
oddsandends----variousitemsofdifferenttypes,usuallysmallandunimportantoroflittlevalue.Hereitreferstotime,toTerry’ssparetime.
4Academyportrait----UsuallyaportraitofascientisthungintheRoyalAcademy.
dashoff----dosomethingquicklywithoutputtingmucheffortintoit
Youcan’texpecttolearnmuchifyoualwaysdashyouressaysoffatthelastminute.
Imustdashoffthisletterbeforethepostisclosed.
Thestagewashercradle,hernursery.----Shespentherchildhoodonthestage.
4pot-hooks----hooksforhangingpotoveranopenfire,usuallyintheformofalongorshortS,meaningherewrittencharactersinthisshapeusedasanexerciseinteachingbeginnerstowrite.
cuff----hitwithone’shandinlightway
Hisbrothercuffedhimplayfullyroundtheneck.
buffet----〖oftenpassive〗(ofwind,rain,etc.)hit(something)repeatedlyandwithgreatforce.
Thelittleboatwasbuffetedmercilesslybythewaves.
sham----someoneorsomethingthatisnotwhatitpretendstobe
Itturnedoutthathewasn’tarealdoctoratall–hewasjustasham.
Sheappearstoberichwithherfineclothes,butit’sonlyasham.
TheAmericandreamisasham.
talkoverherhead----talkaboutsomethingwhichistodifficult/professionalforhertounderstand
4sittohim----sitforherhusbandtopaintherportrait
shewandersovertheDowns----shereadsTennyson’spoemsandiscarriedawaybythem.(TheDownsreferstothelittlegrassyhillsinSouth-eastEngland.It’saplaceoftendescribedbyTennysoninhisworks.)
4Tennyson----AlfredTennyson(1809–1899),famousVictorianpoet,whosucceededWordsworthasPoetLaureatein1850.AspokesmanforthevaluesoftheVictorianage,anditsmostfamouspoet,Tennysonistodayrecognizedforhismasteryofpoetictechnique,superbuseofsensuouslanguage,andprofundityofthought.(PoetLaureate:
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