语言学教程练习第4章.docx
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语言学教程练习第4章.docx
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语言学教程练习第4章
语言学教程(第四版)练习第4章(总8页)
ChapterFourFromWordtoText
I.Markthechoicethatbestcompletesthestatement.
ofthefollowingtermdoesNOTmeanthesameastherelationofsubstitutability
A.AssociativerelationB.Paradigmaticrelation
C.VerticalrelationD.Horizontalrelation
2.Clausescanbeusedassubordinateconstituentsandthethreebasictypesofsubordinateclausesarecomplementclauses,adjunctsclausesand_______.
A.relativeclausesB.adverbialclauses
C.coordinateclausesD.subordinateclauses
3.NamesofthesyntacticfunctionsareexpressedinallthefollowingtermsEXCEPT______.
A.subjectsandobjectsB.objectsandpredicators
C.modifiersandcomplementsD.endocentricandexocentric
4.InEnglish,caseisaspecialformofthenounwhichfrequentlycorrespondstoacombinationofperceptionandnounanditisrealizedinallthefollowingchannelsEXCEPT_______.
A.inflectionB.followingaprepositionC.wordorderD.verticalrelation
5.InEnglish,themeandrhemeareoftenexpressedby_____and____.
A.subject;objectB.subject;predicateC.predicate;objectD.object;predicate
6.Phrasestructureruleshave_____properties.
A.recursiveB.grammaticalC.socialD.functional
7.WhichofthefollowingisNOTamongthethreebasicwaystoclassifylanguagesintheworld
A.WordorderB.GeneticclassificationC.ArealclassificationD.Socialclassification
8.TheheadofthephrasethecityRomeis______.
A.thecityB.RomeC.cityD.thecityRome
9.Thephraseontheshelfbelongsto______construction.
A.endocentricB.exocentricC.subordinateD.coordinate
10.ThesentenceTheywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselvesisa_____sentence.
A.simpleB.coordinateC.compoundD.complex
II.Markthefollowingstatementswith“T”iftheyaretrueor“F”iftheyarefalse.
1.Therelationofco-occurrencepartlybelongtosyntagmaticrelations,partlytoparadigmaticrelations.
2.Onepropertycoordinationrevealsisthatthereisalimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.
3.AccordingtoStandardTheoryofChomsky,deepstructurecontainalltheinformationnecessaryforthesemanticinterpretationofsentences.
4.InEnglish,theobjectisrecognizedbytracingitsrelationtowordorderandbyinflectionsofpronouns.
5.Classesandfunctionsdetermineeachother,butnotinanyone-to-onerelation.
6.Usuallynounphrases,verbphrasesandadverbialphrasesbelongtoendocentrictypesofconstriction.
7.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.
8.IntheexocentricconstructionJohnkickedtheball,neitherconstituentstandsfortheverb-objectsequence.
9.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.
10.Inacoordinatesentence,two(ormore)Sconstituentsoccurasdaughtersandco-headsofahigherS.
III.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithanappropriateword.Thefirstletterofthewordisalreadygiven.
1.ThesubordinateconstituentsarewordswhichmodifytheHeadsandconsequently,theycanbecalledm____________.
2.Johnbelieves(thattheairplanewasinventedbyanIrishman).Thepartinthebracketisac_________clause.
3.Inordertoaccountforthecaseofthesubjectinpassivevoice,wehaveanothertwoterms,p____________andn__________.
4.Thereisatendencytomakeadistinctionbetweenphraseandw_______,whichisanextensionofwordofaparticularclassbywayofmodificationwithitsmainfeaturesoftheclassunchanged.
5.Recursiveness,togetherwitho_______,isgenerallyregardedasthecoreofcreativityoflanguage.
6.Traditionally,p_________isseenaspartofastructuralhierarchy,positionedbetweenclauseandword.
7.Thecasecategoryisusedintheanalysisofwordclassestoidentitythes______relationshipbetweenwordsinasentence.
8.ClausecanbeclassifiesintoFINITEandNON-FINITEclauses,thelatterincludingthetraditionalinfinitivephrase,p__________,andgerundialphrase.
9.Genderdisplayssuchcontrastsasmasculine:
feminine:
n_______.
10.Englishgendercontrastcanonlybeobserveding__________andasmallnumberofl__________andtheyaremainlyofthenaturalgendertype.
IV.Explainthefollowingconceptsortheories.
1.Syntax
2.ICanalysis
3.Relationofco-occurrence
4.Category
5.Recursiveness
V.MatcheachterminColumnAwithonerelevantiteminColumnB.
A
B
(1)syntacticrelation
a.number,genderandcase
(2)grammaticalconstruction
b.conjoiningandembedding
(3)syntacticfunction
c.syntagmaticrelation
(4)category
d.substitutability
(5)recusiveness
e.coordinationandsubordination
(6)positionalrelation
f.hypotacticandparatacticrelations
(7)associativerelation
g.conjunction,ellipsis,reference
(8)sententialconnection
h.subject,predicateandobject
(9)cohesion
I.finiteandnon-infinite
(10)clause
j.paradigmaticrelation
VI.Answerthefollowingquestion.
1.Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction
2.Whatarethebasicfunctionaltermsinsyntax
VII.Essayquestion.
1.Explainancommentonthefollowingsentenceaandb.
a.Johniseasytoplease.
b.Johniseagertoplease.
2.Commentonthestatement,“Linguisticstructureishiearchical”
I.Markthefollowingstatementswith“T”iftheyaretrueor“F”iftheyarefalse.
1.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,buttheyarecapableofyieldinganinfinitenumberofsentences.
2.Although,asinglewordcanalsobeutteredasasentence,normallyasentenceconsistsofatleastasubject,itspredicateandanobject.\
3.Thesentencesarelinearlystructured,sotheyarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder.
4.hisuponanidea.
ideahituponJohn.
Intheabovesentences,thesubjectandobjectconstituentbythesentencesswitchtheirposition.Althoughsentencebisabsurd,itisstillgrammatical,becauseJohnandanideaareofthesamephrasalcategory.
5.Thoughtheyareofasmallnumber,thecombinationalrulesarepowerfulenoughtoyieldallthepossiblesentencesandruleouttheimpossibleones.
6.InasentencelikeMarylikesflowers,bothMaryandflowersarenotonlyNouns,butalsoNounPhrases.
7.Therecursivepropertycanbasicallybediscussedinacategory-basedgrammar,butnotinaword-basedgrammar.
8.AnXPmustcontainanXwhichiscalledthephrasalhead.
9.Inthephrasethisverytallgirl,tallgirlisanobligatoryelementandtheheadofthephrase.
10.a.Themanbeatthechild.b.Thechildwasbeatenbytheman.
Intheabovesentences,themovementofthechildfromitsoriginalplacetoanewplaceisaWH-movement.
11.Tenseandaspect,thetwoimportantcategoriesoftheverb,nowadaysareviewedasseparatenotionsingrammar.
12.Thestructuralistsregardlinguisticunitsasisolatedbitsinastructure(orsystem).
13.ICanalysiscanhelpustoseetheinternalstructureofasentenceclearlyanditcanalsodistinguishtheambiguityofasentence.
14.Structurallinguistsholdthatasentencedoesonlyhavealinearstructure,butithasahierarchicalstructure,madeupoflayersofwordgroups.
15.InSaussure’sview,thelinguistcannotattempttoexplainindividualsignsinapiecemealfashion.Insteadhemusttrytofindthevalueofasignfromitsrelationtoothers,orrather,itspositioninthesystem.
16.Thetheme-rhemeorderistheusualoneinunemotionalnarration,whichisasubjectiveorder.
17.WhatisnewinHallidayisthathehastriedtorelatethefunctionsoflanguagetoitsstructure.
18.Sentenceisabasicunitofstructureinfunctionalgrammar.
19.TheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguagereferstotheideaheldbyHallidaythatlanguageservesotestablishandmaintainsocialrelations.
20.Finiteisafunctionintheclauseasarepresentation,boththerepresentationofouterexperienceandinnerexperience.
21.Therelationsofco-occurrencepartlybelongtosyntagmaticrelations,partlytoparadigmaticrelations.
22.AccordingtoChomsky,grammarisamechanismthatshouldbeabletogenerateallandonlythegrammaticalsentencesofalanguage.
23.InEnglish,thesubjectofasentenceissaidtobethedoerofanaction,whiletheobjectisthepersonorthingacteduponbythedoer.Therefore,thesubjectisalwaysanagentandthepatientisalwaystheobject.
24.InEnglish,theobjectisrecognizedbytracingitsrelationtowordorderandbyinflectionsofpronouns.
25.Classesandfunctionsdetermineeachother,butnotinanyone-to-onerelation.
26.Thesyntacticrulesofalanguagearefiniteinnumber,andtherearealimitednumberofsentenceswhichcanbeproduced.
27.Structuralismviewslanguageasbothlinearlyandhierarchicallystructured.
28.Phrasestructurerulesprovideexplanationsonhowsyntacticcategoriesareformedandsentencesgenerated.
29.UGisasystemoflinguisticknowledgeandahumanspecies-specificgiftwhichexistsinthemindofanormalhumanbeing.
30.Tenseandaspectaretwoimportantcategoriesoftheverb,andtheywereseparatedintraditionalgrammar.
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswith(an)appropriateword(s).
1.Asisrequiredbythe______,anounphrasemusthavecaseandcaseisassignedbyverb,orprepositiontothe_________positionorbyauxiliarytothe________position.
2.Adjacencyconditionstatesthatacase_________andacase_______shouldstayadjacenttoeachother.
3.Thegeneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovementiscalled__________.
4.Thephrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelof_________.
5.Theapplicationof
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