英语语法专练第7课.docx
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英语语法专练第7课.docx
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英语语法专练第7课
第7课名词性从句NounClauses
Nounclausesaredependentclausesthatfunctionasnounphrases.(Dependentclauseshavetheirownsubjectsandverbs,buttheyarenotabletostandaloneascompletesentences.)Nounclauses,likegerundsandinfinitivesusedasnouns,aresingular,andthustheycanalwaysbereplacedbythethird-personsingularpronounit.Hereareexamplesofnounclausesplayingthefournounrolesofsubject,objectofverb,objectofpreposition,andpredicatenominative(thecomplementofalinkingverb).Thenounclausesareunderlined,andtheexamplesalsoshowhowitcansubstituteforthenounclause.
It
Subject:
Whattheyaredoingisnoneofourbusiness.
it
Objectofverb:
Iknowwhatyoumean.
it
Objectofpreposition:
Weworriedaboutwhereyouhadgone.
it
Predicatenominative:
Thedecisionwasthatwewillgoaheadaswehadplanned.
Therearedifferentwaysofconstructingnounclauses.Inthisbook,wewillcoverthetwomainwaysofformingnounclauses,whichareusuallyreferredtobythewordthatbeginseachtype.Thetwodifferenttypesarethatclausesandwh-clauses(wh-wordsaresocalledbecausenearlyalltheinitialwordsbeginwiththeletterswh-.Forexample,who,when,where,andwhyarewh-words).
91
92NounPhrases
Thatclauses
Thatclausesarebuiltinaverysimpleway.Theyconsistoftheintroductorywordthatfollowedbyastatementinitsnormalwordorder:
thatclausethatstatement
Unlikewh-clauses,theothermaintypeofnounclause,thatclausescannotplaytheroleofobjectofpreposition.Forexample,comparethefollowingpairofsentences,thefirstwithawh-clauseandthesecondwithathatclause:
wh-clause:
Iamnotupsetatwhatyoudid.
thatclause:
XIamnotupsetatthatyoudidit.
Herearesomeexamplesofthatclausesplayingtheotherthreemainrolesofsubject,objectofaverb,andpredicatenominative.Inallthefollowingexamples,theintroductorythatisinital-icsandtheentirenounclauseisunderlined.Theexamplesalsoshowhowitcanreplacethenounclause.
Subject
It
Thatthemistakewasnotcaughtearlierwassurprising.
It
Thathewouldsaysuchathingupsetallofus.
It
Thattheysucceededagainstallexpectationsisarealcredittothem.
It
Thatthegamewassoclosemadeitfuntowatch.
Objectofverb
it
Theyknewthattheywouldhavetoextendthedeadline.
it
Wehopethatyouwillbeabletohavelunchwithus.
it
IpretendedthatIdidn’tnoticetheembarrassingslip.
it
Theconsultantsuggestedthatweweretryingtoexpandtoofast.
NounClauses93
Predicatenominative
it
Herideawasthatwewouldallgettogethertomorrow.
it
Thetroubleisthatwearerapidlyrunningoutoftime.
it
Ourkid’shopewasthatwewouldbeabletogotothebeachthatweek.
it
Thedecisionwasthattheywouldgoaheadasoriginallyplanned.
Exercise7.1
Underlinethethatclausesinthefollowingsentences.Confirmyouranswerbysubstitutingthepronounitforthethatclause.
it
Ican’tbelievethattheysaidthat.
1.ThatthemoviewasinFrenchcameassomethingofashock.
2.Don’tyoufindthatyougetreallyexhaustedafterlongflights?
3.Iwishthatitwouldstopraining.
4.ThatIknowalltheanswersastonishedme.
5.OurintentionwasthatwewouldtakeatriptoNewMexicothissummer.
6.Ithinkthattheyshouldquitwhiletheyareahead.
7.Thefirstapproximationwasthatwewereabout10percentunderbudget.
8.Thatweweregoingtobelateseemedobviousatthispoint.
9.MyfriendstoldBarbarathatsheshouldjumpatsuchagoodopportunity.
10.Doyouthinkthatitisagoodideatogoahead?
11.Aftermuchdebate,weallagreedthatwewouldenterthecompetition.
12.Thefunnythingwasthatwehadbeenrightallalong.
13.Isaidthatwewouldbeabletofinishontime.
14.TheyjustassumedthateverythingwouldbeOK.
94NounPhrases
15.Theconclusionwasthatweshouldsticktoouroriginalplan.
16.Thekidspromisedthattheywouldbehomebydinnertime.
17.ThattheylovedItalianfoodwasobviousfromtheiremptyplates.
18.Theirassumptionwasthattheycouldrentacarwhentheygotthere.
19.Iexpectthatwewillbehearingfromthemanytimenow.
20.Thedifferencewasthatwewerepreparedandtheywerenot.
Whileitisperfectlygrammaticaltousethatclausesassubjects,mostspeakersprefertomovetheseclausestotheendofthesentence,puttinganitinthesubjectpositionasa“dummy”placeholderormarker.(InChapter6,wesawexactlythesamethingwithinfinitivephrasesusedassubjects.)Forexample,considerthesubjectthatclauseinthefollowingsentence:
Thattheflightwasgoingtobedelayeddidn’tcomeasabigsurprise.
Thethatclausecaneasilybemovedtotheendwithadummyitinthesubjectposition:
Itdidn’tcomeasabigsurprisethattheflightwasgoingtobedelayed.
Herearesomemoreexamplesofshiftedthatclauses:
Original:
ThatIcouldn’trememberhisnamewasonlytobeexpected.
Shifted:
ItwasonlytobeexpectedthatIcouldn’trememberhisname.
Original:
Thattheycouldactuallywinalmostseemedtoogoodtobetrue.
Shifted:
Italmostseemedtoogoodtobetruethattheycouldactually
win.
Original:
Thatthecostofcollegeisrapidlyrisingisbeyondquestion.
Shifted:
Itisbeyondquestionthatthecostofcollegeisrapidlyrising.
Exercise7.2
Underlinethesubjectthatclausesandthenmovethemtotheendofthesentence,puttingadummyitintheemptysubjectposition.
Thattheywouldevenconsiderdoingitseemsalittleoutofcharacter.
Itseemsalittleoutofcharacterthattheywouldevenconsiderdoingit.
NounClauses95
1.Thatitwasoversoquicklycameasabigrelief.
2.Thattheroadwasimpassablesoonbecameobvious.
3.Thatwehadmadeagooddecisionwouldappeartobethecase.
4.Thattheworkerswouldneedmoretimeseemedcertain.
5.Thattheyshouldaddresstheproblemquicklywasapparenttoeveryone.
6.Thatwewouldhavetoreschedulethemeetingseemedincreasinglylikely.
7.ThatIwouldhavetocancelthemeetingbecameclearafterall.
8.Thattheriskwasgettingtoogreattoacceptwaslikely.
9.Thattheyhadforgottentoconfirmourreservationbecameembarrassinglyobvious.
10.Thatshehadtoleavesosoonwasagreatdisappointmenttoallherfans.
Nounclausesthatbeginwiththatsuperficiallyresembleadjectiveclausesthatalsobeginwiththat.Forexample,comparetheusesofthatinthefollowingpairofsentences:
Nounclause:
Iknowthatweshouldchangethedesigns.
Adjectiveclause:
Iknowdesignsthatweshouldchange.
96NounPhrases
Thesimplestwaytodistinguishthetwodifferenttypesofclausesistoreplacethenounclausewithit:
it
Nounclause:
Iknowthatweshouldchangethedesigns.
Wecannotuseittoreplacetheadjectiveclausebeginningwiththat:
Xit
Adjectiveclause:
Iknowdesignsthatweshouldchange.
Anothersimplewaytotellthetwousesofthatapartistoseeifyoucanreplacethatwithwhich.Thatandwhichareusuallyinterchangeableinadjectiveclauses:
Adjectiveclause:
Iknowdesignsthatweshouldchange.
Adjectiveclause:
Iknowdesignswhichweshouldchange.
Wecannotreplacethethatinanounclausewithwhich.
Nounclause:
Iknowthatweshouldchangethedesigns.
Nounclause:
XIknowwhichweshouldchangethedesigns.
Exercise7.3
Thefollowingsentencescontainamixtureofnounclausesandadjectiveclauses.UnderlinetheclausesandlabelthemNounorAdjective(Adj)asappropriate.Confirmyouranswerbyusingtheitreplacementtestfornounclausesandthewhichsubstitutionforadjectiveclauses.
Noun
Thephotographercalledandsuggestedthatwepostponethesession.
Thephotographercalledandsuggestedit.
Adjective
ThesessionthatwepostponedwillbereschedulednextWednesday.
ThesessionwhichwepostponedwillbereschedulednextWednesday.
1.Thecoachclaimedthattherefereehadmadeamistake.
2.Didyouhearthatwearegoingtogetabigsnowstormthisweekend?
NounClauses97
3.Theexperimentthatwehadproposedwasfinallyapproved.
4.IalmostforgotthatweweregoingtotheSmiths’tonight.
5.TheywillneverforgetthetripthattheytooktoNewZealand.
6.Wefinallypickedadesignthatwecouldallagreeon.
7.Everybodyfeltthatthediscussionhadgoneaswellasitcould.
8.Iamveryworriedaboutthemeetingthatwewillhavethisafternoon.
9.Wequicklydiscoveredthatwecouldnotgetacabinarainstorm.
10.Thecabthatwehadorderednevershowedup.
Whenathatclauseisusedastheobjectofaverb,weoftendeletethewordthatfromthebeginningofthenounclause.Herearesomeexampleswiththedeletedthatrepresentedby∅intheunderlinedthatclauses.
Weknew∅itwasgettingprettylate.
Doyouunderstand∅wemaynotbeabletoholdyourreservation?
Themanagersaid∅thehotelwillbefullthisweekend.
Isuggest∅welookforanotherrestaurantcloserby.
Thewaitersaid∅wewouldneedtowaitatleasttwentyminutes.
Deletingtheintroductorythatfromthebeginningofthatclausesposesaspecialproblemfornonnativespeakersbecausetheintroductorywordthatistheobviouscluethatsignalsthebegin-ningofathatclause.Thatclausesareuniqueinthisrespect:
noothertypeofnounclausehastheoptionofdeletingitsintroductoryword.Consequently,anytimewerecognizeanounc
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