英美文学史.docx
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英美文学史.docx
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英美文学史
ABriefIntroductionofBritishLiterature
Old&MiddleEnglishLiterature
-theRenaissance(文艺复兴)
-The17thCentury
-The18thCentury
-EnglishRomanticism
-EnglishRealism
-EnglishModernism
-ContemporaryLiterature
OldEnglishliterature
ItsrootsliedeepinthetalesoftheDenmarkandotherScandinaviancountries.Untillateinthe9thcentury,theircloserelationswerebrokenbecauseagreatEnglandmonarchKingAlfredbrokethepoweroftheDanes.Thefirstworkis”Beowulf”ItisastoryaboutaheroBeowulfwhodidalotofgoodthingstohispeoplearoundthe6thcentury.ItpicturedusaDenmarkbutnotEnglandscene.Beowulf,writteninOldEnglishsometimebeforethetenthcenturyA.D.,describestheadventuresofagreatScandinavianwarriorofthesixthcentury.Arichfabricoffactandfancy,Beowulfistheoldestsurvivingepic(史诗)inBritishliterature
TheEnglishhistory:
itsfoundationstoneistheAnglo-SaxonChronicle(编年史).ItbeganbyAlfredfromtheRomaninvasionofBritainin54B.C.tothemiddleofthe12thcentury.UndertheKing’sdirection,plentyofbooksfromEuropeinLatinonreligion,philosophy,andhistoryweretranslatedtotheoldEngland,stillawildandbarbarouskingdom
MiddleEnglish
ItisthetruebeginningofthemagnificentheritageofEnglishliterature.Generallydefinedas1100to1500
ItdevelopedslowlyjustlikeasmallstreamItisstrangeandneedsspecialstudyforfullunderstanding.However,italreadyhadmanyelementsofthemodernEnglish.BythetimeofQueenElizabethⅠ’sreign(1558-1603),Englishwasbasicallyasitistoday.InthelatererawhichShakespearelivedin,Englishreacheditspeak.GeoffreyChaucer(1340?
---1400)thegreatestnameintheMiddleEnglishliterature.HeisnamedinthattrioofEnglishpoetrygiants:
Chaucer,Shakespeare,andMiltonHewasanexperiencedman.EvenonceservedintheFrenchwarsandwastakeninprisoner.ThenforsomereasonhewenttoItalia,whichwasasourceformanyofhislatertales.Masterpiece:
TheCanterburyTales坎特伯雷故事集
TheCanterburyTales
Itisagroupofstorieswhichweretoldbysomepilgrims(圣地朝拜者).Thereare24talesinall.Inthisseriesofstories,Chaucerbroughtfreshvision.It’sinlustyhumorandmanyothermoodsandstyles.Thekindsofpeoplethebookinvolvedinaresomanythatitgivesacross-section(代表性)ofmedievallife.
16thCentury
The16thcenturywasanexcitingtimeforliterature.Eveninitsearlyyearstherewasadevelopmentofnewandoftencomplexliteraryformsandstyles.Symbolsofthisera:
Thiserawasalwaysdividedtotwoparts:
thepre-ElizabethandtheElizabeth’stimes.TheiroutstandingwritersareseparatelyThomasMore,ThomasWyattandthegreatmoralplaywriterWilliamShakespeare.
Thepre-ElizabethTimes
ThomasMore(托马斯.莫尔)Thismanisfamousinthepre-ElizabethTimes.Hisremarkablebookis‘Utopia’(乌托邦).IttellsajourneytoanimaginaryislandUtopiawhereanidealformofsocietyexists.Thisgentlemannotonlypredictedaperfectsocietyforusbutalsoplacedawordinourvocabulariesandgavethenametoallliteratureofthiskind,whichhassincebeencalledUtopian.
SirThomasWyatt(1503—1542):
Englishdiplomatandpoetnotedforintroducingthesonnetform,a14-linepoem,intoEnglishliterature.托马斯.怀亚特:
英国外交官和诗人,因把十四行诗形式引入英国文学而著名theEarl(伯爵)ofSurrey
Elizabeth’sEngland
Inthisera,duepartlytoElizabeth’sintelligence,Englandbecametheleadingseapower.Itexperiencedaburstofideasandliterarybrillianceofthefirstorder.FrancisBacon
FrancisBaconwasthesonofNicolasBacon,theLordKeeperoftheSealofElisabethI.HeenteredTrinityCollegeCambridgeatage12.At23hewasalreadyintheHouseofCommons.
Ofstudies--论读书
Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested:
thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。
换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。
Literaryrepresentativesofthisera
Inthisage,dramaflourishedmorethananyotherformofliterature.It’snodoubtthatthemostrepresentativeliteratepersoninthistimesisthegreatplaywriterWilliamShakespeare.WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)
OneofthemostfamousandbrilliantwriterintheEnglandhistory,eveninthewholeworld’sliteraturehistory.Therethreekindsofhisworks:
ThechronicleplaysThecomediesThetragediesBorn:
Stratford-upon-Avon,April3,1564.Stratford-upon-AvonissituatedintheheartoftheEnglishmidlands,amarkettowndatingbacktomedievaltimes.
TheFourTragedies:
1Macbeth(麦克白)2Hamlet(哈姆雷特)3Othello(奥赛罗)4KingLear(李耳王)
TheWorksofWilliamShakespeareComedyAsyoulikeit《皆大欢喜》ThemerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》Muchadoaboutnothing《无事生非》TwelfthNight《第十二夜》HistoryHenryIV,HenryVI,HenryVIIITragedyRomeoandJuliet,HamletPoetryALover'sComplaint,TheSonnets
TheTamingoftheShrew驯悍记MeasureforMeasure一报还一报All’swellthatendswell终成眷属Thewinter’stale冬天的童话AmidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦TimonofAthens雅典的泰门Love'sLabour'sLost爱的徒劳
理查三世罗密欧与朱丽叶亨利八世特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达科利奥兰纳斯暴风雨泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯驯悍记一报还一报威尼斯商人错误的喜剧爱的徒劳仲夏夜之梦温莎的风流娘儿们无事生非维洛那二绅士冬天的故事终成眷属约翰王皆大欢喜亨利六世上亨利六世中亨利六世下亨利五世理查二世裘力斯·凯撒李尔王麦克白奥瑟罗雅典的泰门安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉泰尔亲王配力克里斯辛白林HamletiswithoutquestionthemostfamousplayintheEnglishlanguage.Probablywrittenin1601or1602,thetragedyisamilestoneinShakespeare'sdramaticdevelopment;theplaywrightachievedartisticmaturityinthisworkthroughhisbrilliantdepictionofthehero'sstrugglewithtwoopposingforces:
moralintegrityandtheneedtoavengehisfather'smurder.Itemphasizedthehero'sdilemmaratherthanthedepictionofbloodydeeds.
The17thCentury
TheKingJamesBibleJohnMiltonJohnBunyanTheKingJamesBible
JamesⅠasakingissurenotagoodonebutwascommemoratedbyEnglishliteraryfortheKingJamesBible.language:
simple(usingnomorethan6,000words,thusmoreaccessibletocommonpeople),direct,beautifulandmelodious.
JohnMilton弥尔顿
‘‘OfMan’sfirstdisobedience,andthefruitofthatforbiddentreewhosemortaltastebroughtdeathintotheworld,andallourwoe.’’ParadiseLost.Booki.Line1.
‘Awake,arise,orbeforeverfallen!
”Manyreligiousandpoliticalpamphlets,themostfamous“Areopagitica”《论出版自由》Hismasterpieces:
TheepicParadiseLost《失乐园》anditssequelParadiseRegained《复乐园》ThepoetictragedySamsonAgonistes《斗士参孙》JohnBunyan(班扬)“TheTinkerofElstow”
Generallife:
apreacher,spent12yearsinprisonforhisreligiousbeliefswherebeganwritingThePilgrim’sProgress(1678):
religiousallegory-EveryChristianhastotakeinhisinnerheartajourneyinordertobesaved.-richmetaphors-journey---life-VanityFair---Everyonehasavanityfairinhisheartandhaseversoldsomethingthere.ThePilgrim’sProgress(天路历程)
Itdescribesadreamandhastwoparts.apowerfultalewithdeepmeaning.PlaysaspecialroleonAmericanfrontierliterature.Hasbeentranslatedatleast108languagesordialects.Otherworks:
TheLifeandDeathofMr.BadmanTheHolyWar
the18thcenturyEnglishLiterature
Background:
industrializationandexpansionsocialspirit:
thebourgeoisorPuritanspiritual/moralprinciplesself-discipline,thrift,hardworkimportantscientificdiscoveriestheEnlightenmentmovement启蒙运动aprogressiveintellectualmovementthroughoutWesternEuropeatthetime.Francewasatitsvanguard.TheEnlightenmentcelebratedreasonorration,equality,scienceandhumanbeings’abilitytoperfectthemselvesandtheirsociety.theimportanceofeducationtoenlighten:
toeducateanageofreason,anageofwit,anageofskepticismliterature1660–1700emergenceofNeo-classicism(新古典主义)1700–1744theageofreason1744–1798thedeclineofNeo-classicism&theriseofsentimentalismandpre-romanticismliterarysatire(讽刺文学):
versesatire,prosesatire,satireinnovels,satiricalcomediestheriseofEnglishnovelsthetasteoftherisingmiddleclasstherapidgrowingofprintingsystemtheCopyrightAct1709modernperiodicals:
SirRichardSteele&JosephAddisonFeaturesofNeo-classicism
ItfoundartisticmodelsintheclassicalliteratureofancientGreekandRomanwritersandinthecontemporaryFrenchwriters.Itstressedtheartisticidealsoforder,logic,restrainedemotion,accuracy,goodtaste,etc.Itusuallyaimstoenlighten,educateandcorrectpeople.
AlexanderPope(蒲伯1688-1744)
representativeofNeo-classicism,agreatpoet,acritic,firstprofessionalwriteressaysinverseAnEssayonCriticism(1711)AnEssayonMan(1733-34)showshisreligiousandphilosophicideasonuniverseandhumanPartI:
man’sunderstandingofuniversePartII:
man’srelationshipwithhimselfPartIII:
man’srelationshipwithsocietyversesatire:
mock-heroic模仿英雄诗(mockingthepoemsthatdealwithheroes’bravedeeds)TheRapeoftheLock(夺发记)(1712-14)TheDunciad(1723-42)群愚史诗translationsfromHomer(荷马):
highlyregardedpoetrybutdifferentfromHomer’sworkfeaturesofhisworks:
fullofwits“Foolsrushinwhereangelsfeartotread.”“Toerrishuman,toforgive,divine.”“Alittlelearningisadangerousthing.”satire:
agreatsatiristusuallylongandpolished,butdull,notvividJonathanSwift]
Irish-born,oncewaspriestanddeanofaCathedralchurch,livedofteninEngland.WrotemanypamphletsonEnglishandIrelandpolitics.Bothhispamphlets,lettersandpoemsassuredhisplaceintheEnglishliterature.Swift’s“Gulliver’sTravels”《格利佛游记》isthemostbitterandhard-thrustingsatireintheEnglishlanguage.Gulliver’sTravels(1726):
amasterpieceofsatirenotonlyonallpartsofBritainbutalsoonthevice,follyandweaknessofthewholemankindPartI:
voyagetoLi
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