中国科学技术大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题.docx
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中国科学技术大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题.docx
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中国科学技术大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题
中国科学技术大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
PAPERONE
SECTIONⅠREADINGCOMPREHENSION(30points)
Directions:
Thereare5passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandthenblackenthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.
PassageOne
Questions1to4arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
StudyingsciencewithinasocialandpoliticalcontextisnotpartofcurrentscientifictrainingintheU.S.Instead,scientistsbelievethattheyarestudying“knowledgeforknowledge’ssake.”Theyworkwithinasocialstructureofcompetitionandrewardthatencouragespursuitofrecognitionofcolleaguesandprestigeattheexpenseofhumanness.
Scientistsundergolongyearsoftraining.PhDstudents,forexample,doapproximately3-5yearsofpost—undergraduateworkandfrequentlyanadditional2-3yearsofpostdoctoralstudybeforestartingajobatthelowestleveloftheso—calledprofessionalorder.Fromthebeginningthescientististrainedinthescientificmethod,whichteachesonetoisolateanobjectforstudy,toanalyzeitsinternalworkings,toformulatelawsaboutit.Boththeisolationoftheobjectandthemethodusedtoexamineit,i.e.lookingatpartsratherthanthewhole,reinforcepiecemealratherthancomprehensivethinking.Itwouldnotbepossibleforsciencetoappear“neutral”ifitwereviewedaspartoftheculturalandsocialinstitutionsthatsupport,createandencourageit.Scienceasitiscurrentlypracticedisconcernedwithvalidityandnotwithvalues.Itispursuitofknowledgeregardlessofmoralconsideration.
Longyearsoftraininginreductionistthinkingproducesscientistswhoareexperts,specialpeoplewhoarethoughttobemoreknowledgeable,rational,preciseandbrighterthanothers.Thescientistbecomesa“professional“isolatedfromcommonpeopleandoftenunabletotalkwithothersunlikehimself.This“professionalism”allowsthescientisttodisregardanyquestioningofhisworkthatdoesnotbelongtohisscientificresearch.Itallowsscientiststokeepaprofessionaldistancebetweenthemselvesandnon—scientistsaswellasbetweenselvesandsubordinates.Anditsupportsthesocialorderwithinscienceitself.Itisnotunusualthatscientistsatthetopcanorganizeanddirectworkofsubordinatesandnotevenbequestionedaboutit.
Clearlythetraininganddevelopmentof“professional”scientistsproducepersonsforthemostpartwhodonotandperhapscannotexaminethesocialvaluesoftheirwork,andwhonotonlyshutoutcriticismbutsilenceit.Givensuchlongyearsoftrainingandsocializationintheideologyandbehaviorofscience,itisnotsurprisingthatscientistswhodomilitaryresearchregardtheirworkasvaluefree.
1.Whichofthefollowingwoulda“professional”scientistshowthemostconcernfor?
A.Thelong-termsocialeffectofhistheories.
B.Applicationofhistheoriestosocialsituation.
C.Formulationoftheoriesbasedonanalysis.
D.Theconnectionofhistheorieswithothersubjects.
2.Accordingtotheauthor,intheprofessionofscience_________.
A.scientistsrespecteachother’sopinions.
B.scientistswelcomecriticismfromnon—scientists.
C.thecompetitionbetweenscientistsisencouraged.
D.youngscientistsaretrainedtobeblindlyobedient.
3.Somescientistsinmilitaryresearchbelievethat_________.
A.theyareinpursuitofknowledge
B.militaryresearchisofgreatvaluetothenation
C.theyenjoyfreedomonlywhentheyaredoingmilitaryresearch
D.militaryresearchshouldnotbecontrolledbytheState.
4.ThescientifictrainingintheU.S.emphasizes_________.
A.comprehensivethinking
B.analyticalthinking
C.socialapplication
D.BothAandB
PassageTwo
Questions5to8arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Byfarthemostcommondifficultyinstudyissimplefailuretogetdowntoregularconcentratedwork.Thisdifficultyismuchgreaterforthosewhodonotworktoaplanandhavenoregularroutineofstudy.Manystudentsmuddlealong,doingabitofthissubjectorthat,asthemoodtakesthem,orlettingtheirsetworkpileupuntilthelastpossiblemoment.
Fewstudentsworktoasettime-table.Theysaythatiftheydidconstructatimetableforthemselvestheywouldnotkeeptoit,orwouldhavetoalteritconstantly,sincetheycanneverpredictfromonedaytothenextwhattheiractivitieswillbe.
Nodoubtsometemperamentstakemuchmorekindlytoaregularroutinethanothers.Therearemanywhoshyawayfromtheself-regimentationofaweeklytime-table,anddislikebeingtieddowntoadefiniteprogrammeofwork.Manyablestudentsclaimthattheyworkincycles.Whentheybecomeinterestedinatopictheyworkonitintensivelyforthreeorfourdaysatatime.Onotherdaystheyavoidworkcompletely.Ithastobeconfessedthatwedonotfullyunderstandthecomplexitiesofthemotivationtowork.Mostpeopleover25yearsofagehavebecomeconditionedtoaworkroutine,andthemajorityofreallyproductiveworkerssetasideregularhoursforthemoreimportantaspectsoftheirwork.The‘tough-minded’schoolofworkersisusuallyverycontemptuousoftheideathatgoodworkcanonlybedonespontaneously,undertheinfluenceofinspiration.
Thosewhobelievethattheyneedonlyworkandstudyasthefittakesthemhaveamistakenbeliefeitherintheirowntalentorinthevalueof‘freedom’.Freedomfromrestraintanddisciplineleadstounhappinessratherthanto‘self-expression’or‘personalitydevelopment’.Oursocietyinsistsonregularhabits,timekeepingandpunctuality,andwhetherwelikeitornot,ifwemeantomakeourwayinsocietywehavetocomplywithitsdemands.
5.Themostwidespreadprobleminapplyingoneselftostudyisthatof_________.
A.thefailuretokeeptoaroutineofmethodicalandintensivework
B.changingfromonesubjecttoanother
C.unwillingnesstofollowasystematicplan
D.applyingoneselftoasubjectonlywhenonefeelsinclined
6.Thoseworkerswithstrictviewsonwork_________.
A.areverycriticalofthebeliefthatgoodworkcanbeanaturalproductofinstinct
B.rejecttheideathatgoodworkissecondnaturetoman
C.donotregardasserioustheopinionthatgoodworkcanbedoneatanytimeregardlessofinspiration
D.aredeeplyscornfuloftheideathatgoodworkcanonlybedonewhenfreefromexternal
influenceandpromptedbyinternalstimulus
7.InParagraph4“asthefittakesthem”means_________.
A.whentheyhavetheenergy
B.whentheyareinthemood
C.whentheyfindconditionssuitable
D.whentheyfeelfit
8.Asuitabletitleforthepassagemightbe_________.
A.AttitudestoStudy
B.StudyPlans
C.TheDifficultiesofStudying
D.StudyandSelf-discipline
PassageThree
Questions9to12arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Traditionally,thestudyofhistoryhashadfixedboundariesandfocalpoints—periods.countries,climaticevents,andgreatleaders.Italsohashadclearandfirmnotionsofscholarlyprocedure:
howoneinquiresintoahistoricalproblem,howonepresentsanddocumentsone’sfindings,whatconstitutesadmissibleandadequateproof.
Anyonewhohasfollowedrecenthistoricalliteraturecantestifytotherevolutionthatistakingplaceinhistoricalstudies.Thecurrentlyfashionablesubjectscomedirectlyfromthesociologycatalog:
childhood,work,leisure.Thenewsubjectsareaccompaniedbynewmethods.Wherehistoryoncewasprimarilynarrative,itisnowentirelyanalytic.Theoldquestions“Whathappened?
”And“Howdidithappen?
”Havegivenwaytothequestion“Whydidithappen?
”Prominentamongthemethodsusedtoanswerthequestion“Why”ispsychoanalysis,anditsusehasgivenrisetopsychohistory.
Psychohistorydoesnotmerelyusepsychologicalexplanationsinhistoricalcontexts.Historianshavealwaysusedsuchexplanationswhentheywereappropriateandwhentherewassufficientevidenceforthem.Butthispragmaticuseofpsychologyisnotwhatpsychohistoriansintend.Theyarecommitted,notjusttopsychologyingeneral,buttoFreudianpsychoanalysis.Thiscommitmentprecludesacommitmenttohistoryashistorianshavealwaysunderstoodit.Psychohistoryderivesits“facts”notfromhistory,thedetailedrecordsofeventsandtheirconsequences,butfrompsychoanalysisoftheindividualswhomadehistory,anddeducesitstheoriesnotfromthisorthatinstanceintheirlives,butfromaviewofhumannaturethattranscendshistory.Itdeniesthebasiccriterionofhistoricalevidence:
thatevidencebepubliclyaccessibleto,andthereforeassessableby,allhistorians.Anditviolatesthebasictenetofhistoricalmethod:
thathistoriansbealerttothenegativeinstancesthatwouldrefutetheirtheses.Psychohistorians,convincedoftheabsoluterightnessoftheirowntheories,arealsoconvincedthattheirsisthe“deepest”explanationofanyevent,thatotherexplanationsfallshortofthetruth.
Psychohistoryisnotcontenttoviolatethedisciplineofhistory(inthesenseofthepropermodeofstudyingandwritingaboutthepast);italsoviolatesthepastitself.Itdeniestothepastanintegrityandwillofitsown,inwhichpeopleactedoutofavarietyofmotivesandinwhicheventshadamultiplicityofcausesandeffects.Itimposesuponthepastthesamedeterminationthatitimposesuponthepresent,thusrobbingpeopleandeventsoftheirindividualityandoftheircomplexity.Insteadofrespectingtheparticularityofthepast,itassimilatesallevents,pastandpresent,intoasingledeterministicschemathatispresumedtobetrueatalltimesandinallcircumstances.
9.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointofthepassage?
A.Theapproachofpsychohistorianstohistoricalstudyiscurrentlyinvogueeventhoughitlackstherigorandverifiabilityoftraditionalhistoricalmethod.
B.Traditionalhistorians
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