旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
TourismandtheEnvironment:
ASymbioticRelationship
Nowadays,withtheimprovementofpeople'slivingstandardsandthepursuitofhigherspirituallife,tourismisdevelopingrapidly,andithasanincreasingproportioninthenationaleconomy.Tourismisgettingmoreandmorepeople'sattention,followedbytheimpactoftourismontheecologicalenvironment.
Thevigorousdevelopmentofthetourismindustryhasmultipleeffectsontheenvironment.Theyarebothpositiveandnegative.Inordertoadaptthedevelopmentoftourismtothecapacityoftourismresources,andpromotethecoordinateddevelopmentofenvironmentprotectionandtourism,andthispaperwillstatetheimpactoftourismontheenvironmentfromthreeaspects:
1Thenegativeimpactoftourismontheenvironment;
2Thepositiveimpactoftourismontheenvironment;
3Thecountermeasuretoagainstthenegativeimpactoftourismontheenvironment.
Tourismdevelopmentcanputpressureonnaturalresourceswhenitincreasesconsumptioninareaswhereresourcesarealreadyscarce.
Thenegativeimpactoftourismontheenvironment
Negativeimpactsfromtourismoccurwhenthelevelofvisitoruseisgreaterthantheenvironment'sabilitytocopewiththisusewithintheacceptablelimitsofchange.Uncontrolledconventionaltourismposespotentialthreatstomanynaturalareasaroundtheworld.Itcanputenormouspressureonanareaandleadtoimpactssuchassoilerosion,increasedpollution,dischargesintothesea,naturalhabitatloss,increasedpressureonendangeredspeciesandheightenedvulnerabilitytoforestfires.Itoftenputsastrainonwaterresources,anditcanforcelocalpopulationstocompetefortheuseofcriticalresources.
1,Tourismcausestheenvironmentalpollution.
Whentourismproductsaremanufacturedduringtheproduction,it`sadversetoenvironmentalimpacts.Atfirst,thedevelopmentoftourismresources,improperplanningoftouristconstruction,suchasopeningthewayinmountainsanddestroyingthewildplantsfreely;itwillbreakthecompletenessofthecoordinationofecologicalenvironment.Thesecondisintheprocessofconstructionoftouristaccommodation,thesupplyofwater,electricityandotherenergyisindisorder.Wastewater,wastegasandrubbisharenotbecleanedtimely,sothesewillbeformingtheecologicalenvironmentpollution.
2,Tourismproductsaffectedadverselyinconsumptionprocess.
Themostobviousphenomenonisthattourismproductsinconsumptionprocessimpactsontheecologicalenvironmentpollutionanddestructionofecosystems.Tourismproductshavedirectcontaminationandindirectcontaminationfortheenvironmentofthetouristarea.
Directcontaminationmeansthetourist’spollutionisgeneratedbytourismactivities,suchasthesewageleftbytourists,feces,garbage,wastebottles,wastepaper,cansandotherpollutionontheecologicalenvironment.
Indirectcontaminationmeansthepollutionoftheatmosphere.Tourismcan`tbeseparatedfromtraffic.Transportingtouristsfromtheresidencetothescenicisnecessary,andavarietyofvehiclespourin,theairisfullofautomobileexhaust.Theautomobileexhaustisnotonlypollutingtheair,butalsoextremelyisharmfultothehumanbody.Inaddition,theacidrainhasalreadyleadedlotsoftreestodieinsomeareas.Thedeclineinthequalityoftheenvironmentembarrassedourenvironment.
3,Historicalandculturalheritagehavebeentodamagetovaryingdegrees.
Drivenbytheeconomicinterests,somenotabletouristresortsareoverloadoftouristsormadeunauthorizedconstruction,itwillmakeanumberofprecioushistoricalandculturalheritages,suchastheuniquemonuments,naturalenvironmentandhumanlandscapesuffereddestruction.Carving,graffiti,touchingartifactsfreelyanddiscardingthelitterarbitrarilywilldirectlyorindirectlyleadtothedestructionoftheheritage.Theexampleistoonumerous,likeonthewallsofthepalaceintheForbiddenCity,someflagstonewalkways,thewallsoftheancientGreatWallandthetoweralsohavetouristsuncivilizedblot.
4,Traditionalcultureissimple.
Roughbusinessculturemakestheconnotationdisappearandthedegradationoftheartform.Inordertoobtaineconomicbenefitsandcatertotheneedoftouristsadventures,lotsoftouristareashavetobegivenuptraditionalsocial,spiritualsignificanceandartisticmeaning.Changingthetraditionalformsofartanddesignfreelyleadthetraditionalculturetoroughandsimplecommercialization.Traditionalfolkcelebrationswillnotbeheldatspecifictimeandspecificplacewithspecificmanner,anditjustbeheldbytourismdemandanytimeatanywhere,justlikethesecelebrations`existenceisbasedonthetouristsdemandratherthanlocalsociallife.Localhand-makingproductswithcharacteristicsoflocalcultureareturningtomeettheneedofpublicmarkets.Massproductionandgraduallymovingtowardstheshoddymakethelossoftraditionalartandvalue.
5,Directlyorindirectlyleadthemoralstandardsinthetouristresorttodecline.
Touristsaroundtheworldhavedifferentmoralvaluesandwayoflife.Negativetourists`decadentconsciousnessandlifestylecaneasilymakesometouristarearesidentstolosethevirtueofsimplicity.Itinducesdesireforvenalityandworshipofmoney,whichruinsthelocalsocialclimateandaffectsthestabilityofthesocialorder.Tourismmakesenvironmentalpollutionanddestruction,whichalmostisoccurredintheprocessoftourismdevelopment,constructionandtouroperation.Tourism,asasourceofpollutionandindustrialpollution,has"threewastes"infacilities`emissions,whichiswastegas,wastewater,andwasteballast.Theinappropriatelayoutalsocausesenvironmentalpollution.
6,Thepollutionontheenvironmenthastwoaspectsoftourism:
tourismsupply-sideandtourismconsumers.
Theenvironmentalpollutionoftourismconsumersisoccurredintheflowoftourists,suchasthelargepopulationbringcrowdedandconfusion,destructivebehaviorontheenvironment,tramplingbyalargenumberofthepopulationmakesthesoilchanging,temporarystayoftoomanypeoplebringexceededproductionandlivingmaterialsconsumptionandenergyuse,theatmosphericpollution,noisepollutionandvisualpollution.Analysisformthetouristpointtoviewenvironmentalpollution,itcanbeseenthattourism,asasourceofpollution,hasitsownparticularityunlikeotherpollutionsources.
Peoplewhocometoenjoythescenicbeautyoftenlittertheplaceswithpolytheneandleftoverfoodwithoutthinkingaboutitsadverseimpactontheenvironment.TheDalLakewhichwasoncepristinehaslostitsnatureduetotouristpressureandisnowcoveredwithanimalcarcasses,sewageandweeds.Thelakehasshrunkasitwasunabletohandlethepollutioncausedbyconstanttouristinflux.
Tourismindustryofteninvolvesconstructionofhotelandlodges.Theselodgesarecreatednearoronthebanksofalakeorariver.Thesewagewaterflowsintolakewaterorsea,pollutingitsmarineecosystem.Hotelownerswhohavevestedcommercialinterestsdoesnoteventakeintoaccounttheunfavourableconsequencesonenvironment.Constructionofjettiesaltersthewavepatternofthelakedepositingsiltinit.Introductionofmechanizedboardstocashinontouristsdamagesthefloraandfaunaofecosystemasthebothleavetressesofoil,petrolanddieselinthewater.(Roy,2010)
“EDUCATION-touristsprovideanendlesssupplyofpeoplefromaroundtheworldthatcanbetargetedandeducatedoneverythingfromforeststewardshiptolocalhistoryandplansforthefuture.
FUNDRAISING-atouristprovidesaneasytargetforfundraising.Touristspayfeesforeverythingfromcampingsitesandparkentryfees,tolicensesforfishingandhunting.Themoretouristsinacontrolledarea,meansthemoremoneythatcanbecollectedforthingslikeeducation,policingandmaintenanceofnationalwildernessareas.
ACTION-touristsvisitinganareadosoformanyreasons.Maybetheyarelookingforsomeplacequietwheretheycancommunewithnatureorperhapstheywanttoseeapieceofhistory.Whateverthereason,whenthattouristreturnshome,s/hewillremembertheexperienceandmayfeelcompelledtodosomethingpositivefortheenvironmenttohelpsavethatarea.”(Stushnoff,2009)
Forexample:
PhysicalEnvironmentimpactontourism.
Tourismhaseffectsbeyondthefuelburntsimplygettingonholidayinthefirstplaceandmanyofthemaremuchmoreimmediatelyvisiblethanthemoresinisterandintangiblethreatofemissions.Inmanyplaces,thephysicalenvironmentcanbeheavilyaffectedbythepassageoftourists,especiallyforpopulardestinations,wherethesheerweightofnumbersofpeoplevisitingcansimplyprovetoomuch.Oftenasatouristvenuebecomesbetterknown,aroundofbuildingworkfollowstheaccompanyingexpansionoftheoriginalsettlement,usuallytothedetrimentofthelocalenvironment–whichcanoftenhavebeenthereasonforitspopularityinthefirstplace.Morehotelsandmorerestaurantsinevitablymeanmorestrainonthelocalinfrastructure,buttheyalsomeanmorelightpollutiontoo.Thisisnotsimplyaboutnolongerbeingabletoseethestarssoeasily.Insomepartsoftheworld–theGreekIslandsbeingawell-knowncase–restaurantsalongthebeachesareverypopulartouristdraws,buttheirlight-spillageconfuseshatchingsea-turtles.Theyounghatchlingsareprogrammedtoheadforthebrightestthingtheycansee–innature,thewater’sedge–andsafety.Whentheyfollowtheirage-oldinstincttoday,theyareaslikelytobeheadinginexactlytheoppositedirection–andTavernasoffernorefuge
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