新高考下的英语定语从句.docx
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新高考下的英语定语从句.docx
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新高考下的英语定语从句
定语从句
考纲要求:
掌握定语从句的基本知识;区分定语从句和名词性从句的性质和用法。
在具体的语境中考查非限制性定语从句的引导词以及“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句;设置语境,考查抽象地点或时间概念的名词作先行词时关系副词的选择,甚至通过增加先行词的隐蔽性来增加试题的难度;考查定语从句的特殊句型,即:
特定词汇+ofwhom/which引导的定语从句。
定
语
从
句
定语从句分类
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
关系词
关系代词
关系副词
句式
关系代词+定语从句
关系副词+定语从句
介词+关系代词+定语从句
as/which+非限定性定语从句
注意
只用that的情况
只用which的情况
定语从句中的主谓一致
关系词的省略
复合句中修饰名词和代词的从句叫做定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
引导定语从的连接词有关系代词who,whom,that,which,whose,as和关系副词when,why,where等。
这些关系代词或关系副词有替代先行词,连接主句和从句,并在从句中充当成分三个作用。
定语从句有限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。
限制性从句是句子不可缺少的部分,主句和从句间不用逗号隔开。
非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明,去掉不影响主句意思的完整性。
一般用逗号把主从句分开。
关系代词that不可以引导非限定性定语从句,其他可引导定语从句的连词均可引导非限定性定语从句。
先行词:
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后。
有时先行词是关系代词前的整个句子。
1.当先行词是人:
关系词要用who,whom,that,whose等,其中who/that在从句中课充当主语或宾语,whom在从句中只能充当宾语,whose在从句中充当定语,不可省略(ofwhom可以代替whose指人,词序是名词+ofwhom。
)
Thisisthemanwho/thatcanspeakseveralforeignlanguage.(who/that在从句中作主语,不可省略)
Ilikethegirl(who/whom/that)youreferredtoyesterday.(who/whom/that在从句中作宾语,可省略)
Thegovernmenttriedtohelptheoldwomanwhoseson(ofwhomtheson/thesonofwhom)diedinthewar.[注意:
whose与所修饰名词之间无任何冠词,否则要用ofwhom]
注意:
Ø若连接词在从句中作介词宾语并且介词在前面,代替人必须用whom,且不可省略
ThereisnobodyinthestreettowhomIcanturnforhelp.(turntosbforhelp求助于某人)
Ø若介词在后面,则who,whom或that均可引导从句,且可以省略。
Thereisnobodyinthestreetthat/who/whomIcanturntoforhelp.
(填一填)Thesettlementishometonearly1000people,manyof________lefttheirvillagehomesforabetterlifeinthecity.
Ø在下列情况下多用who或whom,而不用that
1 先行词是all,anyone,one,ones,those,people等时
Allwhocandancewellwillbeinvited.(who在从句中作主语)
Thosewho(whom)heknowswillbeinvited.(who/whom在从句中作宾语)
2 在被分割的定语从句中
AnewteacherwillcomewhowillteachusEnglish.
3 在therebe句型中
Thereisagirlwhowantstoseeyou.
4 一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个用that引导,为了避免重复,另一个用who.
EverystudentthatisfromChinawholikesEnglishwillhaveachancetogetabook.
2.当先行词是物:
连接词要用which,that,whose,which/that在从句中作主语或宾语;whose在从句中作定语,后直接跟名词,无冠词,若有则用ofwhich。
(whose是一个表示所属关系的词,在定语从句中做定语,相当于my,his,her,its,their等修饰人或物。
ofwhich可以代替whose指物,词序一般是名词+ofwhich或ofwhich+名词。
)
Thebuildingwhich/thatstandsinthecenterisourschoollibrary.(which/that在从句中作主语,不可省略)
Thisisthebook(which/that)youwant.(which/that在句中作宾语,可以省略)
Thebuildingwhosewindow(ofwhichthewindow)facessouthisourschoollibrary.(作定语)
(填一填)Lookout!
Don'tgetclosetothehouse________roofisunderrepair.
注意:
Ø如果关系代词在句中作介词宾语并且介词在前面,必须用which,且不可省略。
ThehouseinwhichIliveisnearyours.
Thehouse(that/which)Iliveinisnearyours.
Ø非限定性定语从句中不用that引导
(填一填)Thenewly-builtcafe,thewallsof_______arepaintedlightgreen,isreallyapeacefulplaceforus,especiallyafterhardwork.
Ø宜用that,不宜用which的情况
1 先行词是all,anything,everything,nothing,much,little,few,none,theone等或被any,no,theonly,thevery(恰好),thelast,just,every等词修饰时,只能用that,但是先行词时something时,用that或which都可以。
HaveyouwrittendowneverythingthatMr.Smithsaid?
Thereisnothingthatwillstopusmakingprogress.
ThisistheverybookthatIwant.
Thisistheonlyproblemthatwecan'tworkout.
2 先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
(填一填)Thefirstplace_______IvisitedinBeijingistheGreatWall,________isthegreatestplace_______Ihaveevervisited.
3 先行词为特殊疑问词who,which等时
Whothatcanclimbuptothetopofthehillfirstwillgettheredflag.
WhichistheT-shirtthatfitmewell?
4 先行词既有人又有物时
Wearetalkingaboutthemanandhisinterestingstoriesthatmovedusall.
5 当先行词为theway,thetime,theperiod等时,关系代词常用that,但通常被省略。
Thisisthelasttime(that)Ishallhelpyou.
6 当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词在从句中也作表语时
Ourvillageisn'tthesmallquietplacethatitusedtobe.
Ø宜用which,不宜用that的场合
1 引导非限制性定语从句which可代表先行词或者前句,译成“这一点,这件事”
Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.
2 一个句子中有两个定语时,为了避免重复,一个用that,另一个用which
LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.
3 在介词提前的定语从句中,只用which而不用that
ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunusedtolive.
3.when,where,why引导的定语从句
关系副词在定语从句中充当状语,在定语从句中一般不可省略
先行词
关系副词
在从句中的作用
时间名词
when
时间状语
地点名词
where
地点状语
只有reason
why
原因状语
Iknowthereasonwhyheislate.(why在从句中作原因状语)
ThisisthehousewhereIhavelivedforfiveyears.(where在从句中作地点状语)
IwillrememberthedaywhenIwasadmittedintothisuniversity.(when在从句中作时间状语)
(填一填)Thegirlwasarrangedtohavepianolessonsatthetrainingcentrewithhersister_______shewouldstayforanhour.
1)when的用法
when代替"at/in/on/during+which"在定语从句中作时间状语,其先行词通常是time,day,morning,hour,night,week,year等
I'llneverforgetthetimewhenIwontheprize.
October1st,1949wasthedaywhen/onwhichthePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded.
2)where的用法
where代替“in/at/on/under等+which”在定语从句中做地点状语。
其先行词通常是表地点的词:
place,spot,street,house,room,city,town,country等。
Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?
WenzhouisthecitywhereIwasborn.
Ithastobeaplacewherewecandolotsofoutdooractivities.
3)why的用法
why指原因,引导的从句修饰名词reason。
Why代替表原因的“介词+which”,也可用that替换或省略。
Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.
Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.
注意:
Ø在适当的情况下,when和where可与inwhich,onwhich,atwhich等互换。
IwillrememberthedayonwhichIwasadmittedintothisuniversity.
Ø当表示时间,地点和原因的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时,不用when/where/why,而用that/which
Iwillneverforgetthedays(that/which)Ispentwithyourfamily。
Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforapples.
Thisisthehouse(which/that)Ihavelivedinforfiveyears.(that,which在从句中作介词宾语)
ThisisthehouseinwhichIhavelivedforfiveyears.(which在从句中作介词宾语,且介词提前)
Thebossdidn’tbelievethereason(that/which)heexplained.(that,which在从句中作宾语)
ØWhere作名词时,可与from连用
Hisheadsoonappearoutofthewindow,fromwherehecouldseenothingbuttrees.
ØIt’sthefirsttimethat….句型中,that是习惯用法。
It’sthefirsttimethatIhavebeentoBeijing.(同时要注意该句型中从句的时态必须用现在完成时。
若主句用过去时,从句用过去完成时。
ItwasthefirsttimethatIhadbeentoBeijing.)
ØThereasonwhy…isthat句型
Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedtheearliestbus.
4.as引导的定语从句
Øas用作关系代词引导限定性定语从句,构成such/so…as,thesame…as等结构
Ilikethesamebookasyoudo.
注意:
thesame也可以和连词that,when,where连用。
as和that在从句中充当主语或宾语,但用连词as引导从句时上下文所提到的是类似的两个事物;that引导从句时,上下文所提到的是完全等同的一个事物。
ThisisthesamebikeasIlost.(as在从句中作宾语,且指两辆类似的车)
ThisisthesamebikethatIlost,soItakeithome.(that在从句中作宾语,且指同一辆)
where和when等连接副词在从句中充当状语,如:
Thisisthesameplacewherewehadthepartythatday.(where在从句中作状语)
Øso/such也可和that连用,意思是“如此...以至于”;that只起连接作用,在从句中不充当任何成分。
如:
Itissuchadifficultproblemasnoonecanworkout.(as在从句中作宾语)
比较:
Itissodifficultaproblemthatnoonecanworkitout.(that在从句中不充当成分)
Øas还可引导非限定性定性从句,在从句中作主语,表语或者宾语,代替整个句子意思。
Asweallknow,TaiwanbelongstoChina.
He,asitis,turnedouttobefirst.
高考中与as有关的考法:
as与which在引导定语从句时的区别(二者区别是:
as位置比较灵活,可放句首,可放句末,有时也放在句子相当于插入语使用,常构成句型:
asisknowntoall;asisexpected;asitturnedout等。
而which只可放在后面,as可翻译成“正如",而which从句与主句则有潜含的因果关系.)
as与which都可以代指主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换
Hemarriedher,as(which)wasnatural.
as位置比较灵活,下面是与which的具体区别
1)as引导的定语从句可以放在句首,而which则不能。
Asweknow,morethanseventypercentoftheearthiscoveredwithwater,
2)as表示“正如,正像”,而which无此意。
此时,as从句中常有know,expect,happen,pointout,plan,suggest等单词或短语。
Hecamebackhomelate,asweexpected.
Asispointout,thisisagrammarproblem.
3)当先行词被thesame,such修饰时,定语从句需用as引导。
I’llgiveyousuchthingsasyoumayneed.
Heisnotthesamemanashewas.
4)as仍然保持作连词时的某种含义
Davidistall,asaremybrothers.
as引导的定语从句,常见的结构有:
asisoftenthecase情况常是如此
asoftenhappens这种情况常发生
ashasbeensaidbefore这些以前都说过
asmaybeimagined这可以想象的出来
asmightbeexpected这是可能预料到的
ashasbeenpointedout这是已经指出的
asiswellknown=asweallknow这是众所周知的
asIcanremember正如我所记得的
asyousee=ascanbeseen看得出来
5)先行词为thesame时通常用as引导,有时也可以用that引导
Ihadthesamedifficultyasyouhadlastyear.
Hetoldthesamestoryherethatshetoldinherhouse.
thesame….as和…同样的/相同的
thesame…that和…同一个的
6)Such…as引导的定语从句与such…that引导的状语从句的区别。
Heissuchacleverboyaseveryonelikes,(定语从句)
Heissuchacleverboythateveryonelikeshim.(状语从句)
第一个句子为定语从句,因为从句中缺成分,而第二句为状语从句,从句不缺任何成分。
(填一填)______isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.
5.“介词+关系代词”结构的用法
Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.
Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.
TomorrowI'llbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.
TomorrowI'llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.
We'llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.
We'llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.
ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.
ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.
①作用
代替when在定语从句中作时间状语
ThereusedtobeatimewhentheChinesepeoplestruggledforfreedom.=Thereusedtobeatimeatwhich/duringwhichtheChinesepeoplestruggledforfreedom.
代替where在定语从句作地点状语
Thisistheofficewhere/inwhichIusedtowork.
代替why在定语从句中做原因状语
I’dlikeyoutoexplainthereasonwhy/forwhichyouwereabsent.
代替that在定语从句中作方式状语
Therearevarietiesofwaysthat/inwhichwecansolvethisproblem.
“名词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构
此类结构常见的有:
some/several/afew/alittle/many/more/most/thelargest(land)ofwhich/whom等形式
Herearethequestions,someofwhichIthoughtdifficultforyou.
“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句,这种结构引导的定于从句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。
Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtree.
“介词+which/whom+不定式“结构
Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichtolive.=Thepoormanhasnohousetolivein.=Thepoormanhasnohou
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