AfricanAmericanGRE阅读练习材料.docx
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AfricanAmericanGRE阅读练习材料.docx
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AfricanAmericanGRE阅读练习材料
AfricanAmerican
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ThisarticleisabouttheU.S.populationofAmericansofAfricanancestry.ForthepopulationofrecentAfricanorigins,seeAfricanimmigrationtotheUnitedStates.FortheAfricandiasporathroughouttheAmericas,seeAfro-AmericanpeoplesoftheAmericas.
AfricanAmerican
FrederickDouglass ·BarackObama ·RosaParks
CondoleezzaRice ·M.L.King,Jr. ·BeyoncéKnowles
MalcolmX ·OprahWinfrey ·BookerT.Washington
MichaelJordan ·HarrietTubman ·MuhammadAli
Totalpopulation
AfricanAmerican
37,000,000[1]
(~12%oftheUSpopulation)
Non-HispanicBlack
36,701,103[1]
BlackHispanic
884,947[1]
Regionswithsignificantpopulations
ThroughouttheSouthernUnitedStates,partsoftheNortheast,theMidwest,andCalifornia
Languages
AmericanEnglish ·AfricanAmericanVernacularEnglish ·recentimmigrantsanditschildrenspeakCaribbeanEnglish ·Spanish ·French ·BrazilianPortuguese ·HaitianCreole ·Africanlanguages
Religion
Majority:
Protestantism
Minority:
Catholicism ·Islam ·Judaism
Relatedethnicgroups
OtherAfro-AmericanpeoplesoftheAmericas
(especiallyAnglophones)
Americo-Liberian ·SierraLeoneCreolepeople
BlackBritish ·AfricanAmericansinFrance
view·talk·edit
AfricanAmericans(alsoreferredtoasBlackAmericansorAfro-Americans,andformerlyasAmericanNegroes)arecitizensorresidentsoftheUnitedStateswhohaveoriginsinanyoftheblackpopulationsofAfrica.[2]IntheUnitedStates,thetermsaregenerallyusedforAmericanswithatleastpartialSub-SaharanAfricanancestry.MostAfricanAmericansarethedirectdescendantsofcaptiveAfricanswhosurvivedtheslaveryerawithintheboundariesofthepresentUnitedStates,althoughsomeare—oraredescendedfrom—immigrantsfromAfrican,Caribbean,CentralAmericanorSouthAmericannations.[3]Asanadjective,thetermisusuallywrittenasAfrican-American.[4]
African-Americanhistorystartsinthe17thcenturywithindenturedservitudeinBritishAmericaandprogressesontotheelectionofBarackObamaasthe44thandcurrentPresidentoftheUnitedStates.Betweenthoselandmarkstherewereothereventsandissues,bothresolvedandongoing,thatwerefacedbyAfricanAmericans.Someofthesewereslavery,reconstruction,developmentoftheAfrican-Americancommunity,participationinthegreatmilitaryconflictsoftheUnitedStates,racialsegregation,andtheCivilRightsMovement.AfricanAmericansmakeupthesinglelargestracialminorityintheUnitedStatesandformthesecondlargestracialgroupafterwhitesintheUnitedStates.[5]
Contents
[hide]
∙1History
o1.1Slaveryera
o1.2ReconstructionandJimCrow
o1.3GreatMigrationandCivilRightsMovement
o1.4Post-CivilRightsera
∙2Demographics
o2.1U.S.cities
∙3Religion
∙4Contemporaryissues
o4.1Politicsandsocialissues
o4.2Newsmediaandcoverage
o4.3Education
o4.4Economicstatus
o4.5Health
o4.6CulturalinfluenceintheUnitedStates
o4.7Politicallegacy
∙5Theterm"AfricanAmerican"
o5.1Politicalovertones
o5.2WhoisAfricanAmerican?
o5.3TheAfrican-Americanexperience
o5.4Termsnolongerincommonuse
∙6Seealso
∙7Notes
∙8References
∙9Furtherreading
∙10Externallinks
History
Mainarticle:
AfricanAmericanhistory
Slaveryera
Anartist'sconceptionofCrispusAttucks(1723–1770),thefirst"martyr"oftheAmericanRevolution.
Mainarticles:
SlaveryintheUnitedStatesandAtlanticslavetrade
ThefirstrecordedAfricansinBritishNorthAmerica(includingmostofthefutureUnitedStates)arrivedin1619asindenturedservantswhosettledinJamestown,Virginia.AsEnglishsettlersdiedfromharshconditionsmoreandmoreAfricanswerebroughttoworkaslaborers.AfricansformanyyearsweresimilarinlegalpositiontopoorEnglishindenturees,whotradedseveralyearslaborinexchangeforpassagetoAmerica.[6]Africanscouldlegallyraisecropsandcattletopurchasetheirfreedom.[7]Theyraisedfamilies,marryingotherAfricansandsometimesintermarryingwithNativeAmericansorEnglishsettlers.[8]Bythe1640sand1650s,severalAfricanfamiliesownedfarmsaroundJamestownandsomebecamewealthybycolonialstandards.
Thepopularconceptionofarace-basedslavesystemdidnotfullydevelopuntilthe18thcentury.Thefirstblackcongregationsandchurcheswereorganizedbefore1800inbothnorthernandsoutherncitiesfollowingtheGreatAwakening.By1775,Africansmadeup20%ofthepopulationintheAmericancolonies,whichmadethemthesecondlargestethnicgroupaftertheEnglish.[9]Duringthe1770s,Africans,bothenslavedandfree,helpedrebelliousEnglishcolonistssecureAmericanIndependencebydefeatingtheBritishintheAmericanRevolution.[10]AfricansandEnglishmenfoughtsidebysideandwerefullyintegrated.[11]JamesArmistead,anAfricanAmerican,playedalargepartinmakingpossiblethe1781Yorktownvictory,whichestablishedtheUnitedStatesasanindependentnation.[12]OtherprominentAfricanAmericanswerePrinceWhippleandOliverCromwell,whoarebothdepictedinthefrontoftheboatinGeorgeWashington'sfamous1776CrossingtheDelawareportrait.
By1860,therewere3.5millionenslavedAfricanAmericansintheUnitedStatesduetotheAtlanticslavetrade,andanother500,000AfricanAmericanslivedfreeacrossthecountry.[13]In1863,duringtheAmericanCivilWar,PresidentAbrahamLincolnsignedtheEmancipationProclamation.TheproclamationdeclaredthatallslavesinstateswhichhadsecededfromtheUnionwerefree.[14]AdvancingUniontroopsenforcedtheproclamationwithTexasbeingthelaststatetobeemancipatedin1865.[15]
ReconstructionandJimCrow
JesseOwensshookracialstereotypesbothwithNazisandsegregationistsintheUSAatthe1936Berlinolympics.
Mainarticles:
ReconstructioneraoftheUnitedStatesandJimCrowlaws
AfricanAmericansquicklysetupcongregationsforthemselves,aswellasschools,communityandcivicassociations,tohavespaceawayfromwhitecontroloroversight.Whilethepost-warreconstructionerawasinitiallyatimeofprogressforAfricanAmericans,inthelate1890s,SouthernstatesenactedJimCrowlawstoenforceracialsegregationanddisenfranchisement.[16]MostAfricanAmericansfollowedtheJimCrowlaws,usingamaskofcompliancetopreventbecomingvictimsofraciallymotivatedviolence.Tomaintainself-esteemanddignity,AfricanAmericanssuchasAnthonyOvertonandMaryMcLeodBethunecontinuedtobuildtheirownschools,churches,banks,socialclubs,andotherbusinesses.[17]
Inthelastdecadeofthe19thcentury,raciallydiscriminatorylawsandracialviolenceaimedatAfricanAmericansbegantomushroomintheUnitedStates.Thesediscriminatoryactsincludedracialsegregation—upheldbytheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtdecisioninPlessyv.Fergusonin1896[18]—whichwaslegallymandatedbysouthernstatesandnationwideatthelocallevelofgovernment,votersuppressionordisenfranchisementinthesouthernstates,denialofeconomicopportunityorresourcesnationwide,andprivateactsofviolenceandmassracialviolenceaimedatAfricanAmericansunhinderedorencouragedbygovernmentauthorities.
GreatMigrationandCivilRightsMovement
AnAfricanAmericanboyoutsideofCincinnati,Ohiointhe1940s
MarchonWashington,August28,1963,showscivilrightsandunionleaders
Mainarticles:
GreatMigration(AfricanAmerican)andAfrican-AmericanCivilRightsMovement(1955–1968)
ThedesperateconditionsofAfricanAmericansintheSouththatsparkedtheGreatMigrationoftheearly20thcentury,[19]combinedwithagrowingAfricanAmericancommunityintheNorthernUnitedStates,ledtoamovementtofightviolenceanddiscriminationagainstAfricanAmericansthat,likeabolitionismbeforeit,crossedraciallines.TheCivilRightsMovementfrom1954to1968wasdirectedatabolishingracialdiscriminationagainstAfricanAmericans,particularlyintheSouthernUnitedStates.TheMarchonWashingtonforJobsandFreedomandtheconditionswhichbroughtitintobeingarecreditedwithputtingpressureonPresidentJohnF.KennedyandLyndonB.Johnson.
JohnsonputhissupportbehindpassageoftheCivilRightsActof1964thatbanneddiscriminationinpublicaccommodations,employment,andlaborunions,andtheVotingRightsAct(1965),whichexpandedfederalauthorityoverstatestoensureblackpoliticalparticipationthroughprotectionofvoterregistrationandelections.By1966,theemergenceoftheBlackPowermovement,whichlastedfrom1966to1975,expandedupontheaimsoftheCivilRightsMovementtoincludeeconomicandpoliticalself-sufficiency,andfreedomfromwhiteauthority.[20]
Post-CivilRightsera
Mainarticle:
PostCivilRightsEraAfrican-Americanhistory
Politicallyandeconomically,blackshavemadesubstantialstridesduringthepost-civilrightsera.In1989,DouglasWilderbecamethefirstAfrican-AmericanelectedgovernorinU.S.history.Therearecurrentlytwoblackgovernorsservingconcurrently;governorDevalPatrickofMassachusettsandgovernorDavidPatersonofNewYork.ClarenceThomasbecamethesecondAfrican-AmericanSupremeCourtJustice.In1992CarolMoseley-BraunofIllinoisbecamethefirstblackwomanelectedtotheU.S.Senate.Therewere8,936blackofficeholdersintheUnitedStatesin2000,showinganetincreaseof7,467since1970.In2001therewere484blackmayors.
OnNovember4,2008,DemocraticSenatorBarackObamadefeatedRepublicanSenatorJohnMcCaintobecomethefirstAfricanAmericantobeelectedPresident.Atleast95percentofAfrican-AmericanvotersvotedforObama.[21][2
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