专业八级分类模拟359.docx
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专业八级分类模拟359.docx
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专业八级分类模拟359
专业八级分类模拟359
(总分:
100.10,做题时间:
90分钟)
一、READINGCOMPREHENSION(总题数:
1,分数:
100.00)
SectionA
Inthissectionthereareseveralpassagesfollowedbyfourteenmultiple-choicequestions.For
eachmultiple-choicequestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethe
onethatyouthinkisthebestanswerandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETTWO.
PassageOne
Therearearound6,000languagesintheworldtoday.AtleasttherewereuntilJanuaryof2001.
ThenCarlosWestezdied.WestezwasthelastspeakerofthenativeAmericanlanguageCatawba.
Withhimpassedawaythelanguageitself.
ThedeathofWestezwasmournednotjustbyprofessionallinguists,butmoregenerallybyadvocates
ofculturaldiversity.WritinginTheIndependentofLondon,PeterPophamwarnedthatwhena
languagedieswelosehepossibilityofauniquewayofperceivinganddescribingtheworld.
WhatparticularlyworriespeoplelikePophamisthatmanyotherlanguagesarelikelytofollow
thefateofCatawba.AoreisalanguagenativetooneoftheislandsofthePacificstateofVanuatu.
Whentheislandssingleinhabitantdies,sowillthelanguage.Ironically,thestatusofGafat,
anEthiopianlanguagespokenbyfewerthan30people,hasbeenmademoreprecariousthanksto
theeffortsoflinguistsattemptingtopreserveit.Alanguageresearchertooktwospeakersout
oftheirnativeland,whereupontheycaughtcoldanddied.
Ofthe6,000extantlanguagesintheworld,morethan3,000willdisappearoverthenextcentury.
LinguistJeanAitchesonbelievesthathismassivedisappearanceofsomanylanguageswillbe
anirretrievableloss.Pophamcomparesthislosstothedeathofuntoldspeciesofplantsand
insectsfromrainforestdestruction.Warningoftheimpactofahomogenizingmonocultureupon
ourwayoflife,heworriesaboutthespreadofEnglishcarriedbyAmericanculture,delivered
byJapanesetechnologyandthehegemonyofafewgreattransnationallanguages.Chinese,Spanish,
Russian,Hindi.
Yetthewholepointofalanguageistoenablecommunication.Alanguagespokenbyoneperson
isnotalanguageatall.Itisaprivateconceit,likeachildssecretcode.CarlosWestezmight
wellhavehadauniquewayofperceivingtheworld,butitwassouniquethatonlyhehadaccess
toit.HoweverhappyWestezmighthavebeentalkingtohimself,toeveryoneelseintheworld
hemayaswellhavebeentalkinggibberish.
Itis,ofcourse,enrichingtolearnotherlanguagesanddelveintoothercultures.Butitis
enrichingnotbecausedifferentlanguagesandculturesareunique,butbecausemakingcontact
acrossbarriersoflanguageandcultureallowsustoexpandourownhorizonsandbecomemore
universalinouroutlook.
Culturalhomogenizationissomethingtobewelcomed,notfeared.Themoreuniversallywecan
communicate,themoredynamicourculturewillbe.Itisnotbeingparochialtobelievethatthe
morepeopletospeakEnglish—orSpanish,Chinese,orHindi—thebetteritwouldbe.Thereal
chauvinistsaresurelythosewhoworryaboutthespreadofAmericancultureandJapanese
technology.
Theideathatparticularlanguagesembodyuniquevisionsoftheworldderivesfromtheromantic
conceptofculturaldifference,aconceptthatunderliesmuchofcontemporarythinkingabout
multiculturalism.Eachnationspeaksinthemanneritthinks,JohannGottfriedvonHerderargued
inthe18thcentury,andthinksinthemanneritspeaks.ForHerderthenatureofapeoplewas
expressedthroughitsVolksgeist—theunchangingspiritofapeoplerefinedthroughhistory.
entire
itsdwellsitinbecausepeople,aofdelineationthetocrucialparticularlywasLanguage
worldoftradition,history,religion,principlesofexistence;itswholeheartandsoul.
HerdersVolksgeistbecametransformedintoracialmakeup,anunchangingsubstance,the
foundationofallphysicalappearanceandmentalpotential,andthebasisfordivisionand
differencewithinhumankind.Thecontemporaryargumentforthepreservationoflinguistic
diversity,liberallyframedthoughitmaybe,drawsonthesamephilosophythatgaverisetoracial
difference.
NobodycansupposethatitisnotmorebeneficialforaBretonoraBasquetobeamemberof
theFrenchnationality,admittedonequaltermstoalltheprivilegesofFrenchcitizenship…than
tosulkonhisownrocks,thehalf-savagerelicofpasttimes,revolvinginhisownlittlemental
orbit,withoutparticipationorinterestinthegeneralmovementoftheworld.SowroteJohn
StuartMill,morethanacenturyago.Thesameapplies,headded,otheWelshmanortheScottish
HighlanderasmembersoftheBritishnation.Itwouldhaveastonishedhimthat,asweapproach
anewera,therearethosewhothinkthatsulkingonyourownrockisastateworthpreserving.
(此文选自Time)
PassageTwo
Whenschoolstartseachyear,themostimportantquestiononthemindsofparentsandchildren
is,Whowillbemyteacher?
Theconcerniswellfounded.Researchershavediscoveredthatschools
deepestinfluenceonlearningdependsonthequalityoftheteacher.Studentsluckyenoughto
haveteacherswhoknowtheircontentandhowtoteachitwellachievemore.Andtheeffectsof
averygood(orverypoor)teacherlastbeyondasingleyear,influencingastudentslearning
foryears.Putsimply,expertteachersarethemostfundamentalresourceforimprovingeducation.
Thislessonhasbeenwelllearnedbysocietiesthattopinternationalrankingsineducation.The
highest-achievingcountries—Finland,Sweden,Ireland,theNetherlands,HongKong,Singapore,
SouthKorea,Japan,Australia,NewZealandandCanada—havebeenpouringresourcesintoteacher
trainingandsupport.Thesecountriesroutinelypreparetheirteachersmoreextensively,paythem
wellinrelationtocompetingoccupationsandgivethemlotsoftimeforprofessionallearning.
Theyalsoprovidewell-trainedteachersforallstudents—ratherthanallowingsometobetaught
byuntrainednovices—byofferingequitablesalariesandaddingincentivesforharder-to-staff
locations.
AllteachercandidatesinFinland,Sweden,NorwayandtheNetherlands,forexample,receivetwo
tothreeyearsofgraduate-levelpreparationforteaching,atgovernmentexpense,plusaliving
stipend.UnliketheU.S.,whereteacherseithergointodebttoprepareforaprofessionthat
willpaythempoorlyorenterwithlittleornotraining,thesecountriesmadethedecisionto
investinauniformlywell-preparedteachingforcebyrecruitingtopcandidatesandpayingthem
whiletheyreceiveextensivetraining.Withitssteepclimbintheinternationalrankings,Finland
hasbeenaposterchildforschoolimprovement.Teacherslearnhowtocreateprogramsthatengage
studentsinresearchandinquiryonaregularbasis.There,trainingfocusesonhowtoteach
studentswholearnindifferentways—includingthosewithspecialneeds.TheFinnsreasonthat
ifteacherslearntohelpstudentswhostruggle,theywillbeabletoteachtheirstudentsmore
effectively.
Singapore,top-rankedinmathbytheTrendsinInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy,treats
teachingsimilarly.WhenIvisitedSingaporesNationalInstituteofEducation,thenationsonly
teacher-traininginstitution,nearlyallthepeopleIspokewithdescribedhowtheywereinvesting
inteachersabilitiestoteachacurriculumfocusedoncriticalthinkingandinquiry—skills
neededinahigh-techeconomy.Togetthebestteachers,theinstituterecruitsstudentsfrom
thetopthirdofeachgraduatinghighschoolclassintoafullypaidfour-yearteacher-education
program(or,iftheyenterlater,aone-to-two-yeargraduateprogram)andputsthemonthe
governmentspayroll.Whentheyentertheprofession,teacherssalariesarehigherthanthose
ofbeginningdoctors.
Expertteachersaregiventimetoserveasmentorstohelpbeginnerslearntheircraft.The
governmentpaysfor100hoursofprofessionaldevelopmenteachyearforallteachers.Inaddition,
theyhave20hoursaweektoworkwithotherteachersandvisitoneanothersclassrooms.And
teacherscontinuetoadvancethroughouttheircareer.Withaidfromthegovernment,teachersin
Singaporecanpursuethreeseparatecareerladders,whichhelpthembecomecurriculumspecialists,
mentorsforotherteachersorschoolprincipals.Theseopportunitiesbringrecognition,extra
compensationandnewchallengesthatkeepteachingexcitingandallowteacherstosharetheir
expertise.
MostU.S.teachers,ontheotherhand,havenotimetoworkwithcolleaguesduringtheschool
day.Theyplanbythemselvesandgetafewhit-and-runworkshopsafterschool,withlittle
opportunitytoshareknowledgeorimprovetheirpractice.Inastudyofmathematicsteachingand
learninginJapan,TaiwanandtheU.S.,JamesStiglerandHaroldStevensonnotedthatAsian
classlessonsaresowellcrafted(because)thereisaverysystematicefforttopassonthe
accumulatedwisdomofteachingpracticetoeachnewgenerationofteachersandtokeepperfecting
thatpracticebyprovidingteacherstheopportunitiestocontinuallylearnfromeachother.
Withthesekindsofinvestments,itispossibletoensurethateveryteacherhasaccesstothe
knowledgeheorsheneedstoteacheffectivelyandthateverychildhasaccesstocompetentteachers.
SuchagoaliscriticalfortheU.S.ifitisindeedtoleavenochildbehind.
(此文选自Time)
PassageThree
Inthecompetitivemodel—theeconomyofmanysellerseachwithasmallshareofthetotal
market—therestraintontheprivateexerciseofeconomicpowerwasprovidedbyotherfirmson
thesamesideofthemarket.Itwas
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