中英文珍贵跨文化交际学概论课件资料全.docx
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中英文珍贵跨文化交际学概论课件资料全.docx
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中英文珍贵跨文化交际学概论课件资料全
I.CultureandInterculturalCommunication
Culture:
●Culturemaybedefinedaswhatasocietydoesandthinks.(Sapir,1921)
●Culturereferstothetotalwayoflifeofparticulargroupsofpeople.Itincludeseverythingthatagroupofpeoplethinks,says,does,andmakes.(R.Kohls,1979)
●Cultureisalearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople.文化是习得的一套关于信仰、价值观、规的公认的解释,这些信仰、价值观、规对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
TheCharacteristicsofCulture:
1.Cultureisnotinnate;itislearned;
2.Cultureistransmissiblefrompersontoperson,grouptogroup,andgenerationtogeneration;
3.Cultureisadynamicsystemthatchangescontinuouslyovertime;
4.Cultureisselective;(everyculturerepresentsalimitedchoiceofbehaviorpatterns)
5.Cultureiscomposedofinterrelatedfacets;
6.Cultureisethnocentric(centerednessonone’sowngroup).
TheAmericansociolinguistD.Hymespointedoutthatpeoplewithcommunicativecompetenceshouldknowwhen,whereandwhattospeaktowhomandhow.
Modelsofcommunication
Theoretically,themodelofcommunicationisalwaysdescribedinthefollowingway:
Communicationisexchanginginformationintheformofmessages,symbols,thoughts,signsandopinions.
TheIngredientsofCulture
●Language;
●Religion;
●Valuesandattitudes;
●Education;
●Socialorganization;
●Technologyandmaterialculture;
●Politics;
●Law
InterculturalCommunication(IC)
●Initsmostgeneralsense,ICreferstothoseoccasionswhenamemberofone
cultureproducesamessageforconsumptionbyamemberofanotherculture.(p70,Samovar&Porter)
●Moreprecisely,ICreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculture
perceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.(p70,Samovar&Porter)跨文化交际:
指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人们之间进行的交际。
胡文仲:
具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际。
Timeorientation:
(Hall,1976):
美国人类学家霍尔(EdwardHall)在《超越文化》(BeyondCulture)一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即“单向计时制”(monochronictime)和“多向计时制”(polychronictime).
1.MonochronicTime(M-Time)
Itschedulesoneeventatatime.Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture.e.g.AmericanPeople
1.1单向计时制重视日程安排、阶段时间和准时;
1.2认为“时间是线性的、可分割的,就像一条道路或带子向前伸展到未来,向后延伸到过去”。
1.3认为同时做两件事几乎有点不道德;
1.4持有这种时间取向的英美人士把时间看成具体实在(tangible)的东西,可以节省(save)、花费(spend)、赚得(earn)、浪费(waste)、失去(lose)、弥补(makeup)、计量(measure)、甚至当成商品一样买卖(buy,sell)和拥有(have)。
美国人特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动,强调守时,严格按照日程一次做一件事情(doonethingatatime).
2.PolychronicTime(P-Time)
2.1P-timeschedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Itisflexibleandmorehumanistic.
2.2PeoplefromP-timesystememphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules.Theydonotseeappointmentsasironcladcommitmentsandoftenbreakthem.
e.g.Chinese,LatinAmerican,ArabandmostAsiancultures
NegativeimpactsinIC:
1.Ethnocentrism
2.AnxietyandUncertainty
3.Stereotypes
4.Prejudice
5.Discrimination&Racism
1.Ethnocentrism
Ifpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors.
2.AnxietyandUncertainty
2.1Anxietyreferstothefeelingofbeinguneasy,tense,worried,orapprehensiveaboutwhatmighthappy.
2.2Uncertaintyreferstoourinabilitytopredictorexplainothers’behavior,feelings,attitudes,behavior,orvalues.
Ourabilitytocommunicateeffectivelyisbased,atleastinpart,onourabilitytomanageouranxietyanduncertainty.
AnxietyandUncertaintyManagement(AUM)Theory(Gudykunst,1995):
AUMmanagementtheorysuggeststhateffectiveinterpersonalandintergroupcommunicationisafunctionofhowindividualsmanagetheanxietyanduncertaintytheyexperiencewhencommunicating
withothers.
3.Stereotypes
3.1Stereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatareusedtostandfortheentirecollectionofpeople.(WalterLippmann)
3.2Humanbeingshaveapsychologicalneedtocategorizeandclassify.
4.Prejudice
Itreferstonegativeattitudestowardsotherpeoplethatarebasedonfaultyandinflexiblestereotypes.Itisanunfair,biased,orintolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.(Lusting&Koester)
5.Discrimination
Itreferstothebehavioralmanifestationsoftheprejudice,itcanbethoughtofasprejudice“inaction”.(Lusting&Koester)
Racism
Thebeliefthatraceaccountsfordifferencesinhumancharacterorabilityandthataparticularraceissuperiortoothers.
Ethnocentrism:
Ifpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors.
IndividualismandCollectivism
Individualism-collectivismisthemajordimensionofculturalvariabilityusedtoexplaincross-culturaldifferencesandsimilaritiesincommunicationacrossculture.
IndividualisticCulture
(liberalism):
individualstendtodefinethemselvesbytheextenttowhichtheyaredifferentfrom,ratherthansimilartoothers.Peopleareencouragedtodisplayself-confidenceandassertiveness,disclosureofpersonalthoughtsandfeelings.
Collectivisticculture
(Confucianism):
placeslittlevalueonindividualidentityandgreatvalueongroupidentity.Going
one'sownwayisnotvalued;uniformityandconformityarestressed.
1.Individualism
Individualstendtodefinethemselvesbytheextenttowhichtheyaredifferentfrom,ratherthansimilartoothers.Peopleareencouragedtodisplayself-confidenceandassertiveness,disclosureofpersonalthoughtsandfeelings.
Individualisticcultures:
Australia,Belgium,Canada,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,U.K.,Ireland,Isreal,Italy,Netherlands,NewZealand,Norway,SouthAfrica,Sweden,Switerland,U.S.A.
2.Collectivism
Collectivistculturesplacelittlevalueonindividualidentityandgreatvalueongroupidentity.Theyhavebeenlabeledas“we”culturesbecausebasicunitisthein-grouporcollective.
Collectivisticcultures:
Brazil,China,Colombia,Egypt,Greece,India,Japan,Kenya,Korea,Mexico,Nigeria,Pakistan,Peru,SaudiArabia,Thailand,Venezuela,Vietnam.
Individualism-collectivismisexpectedtoaffectcommunicationmainlythrough:
•Influenceongroupidentities;
•Differentiationbetweeningroupandoutgroupcommunication.
•Bothindividualismandcollectivismexistinallcultures;
•Self-orientationinvolvesthe“pursuitofprivateinterests”;
•Collectivityorientationinvolvesthe“pursuitofthecommoninterestsofthecollectivity”.
Comparingmajorcharacteristics:
Individualisticculture:
●Emphasisonindividual’sgoals,self-realization;
●Littledifferencesbetweeningroupandoutgroupcommunication;
●Independentselfconstrual---“I”identity;
●Low-contextcommunicationwhichisdirect,precise,andabsolute.
Collectivisticculture:
●Emphasisoningroup’sgoals---fittingintotheingroup;
●Largedifferencesbetweeningroupandoutgroupcommunication;
●Interdependentselfconstrual---“we”identity;
●High-contextcommunicationwhichisindirect,imprecise,andprobabilistic.
High-contextcommunication:
Mostoftheinformationiseitherinthephysicalcontextorinternalizedintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecode,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage(indirect,ambiguousandunderstated(轻描淡写)---collectivisticcultures).
Low-contextcommunication:
Themassofinformationisgivenintheexplicitcode(direct,explicit,open,precise,andconsistentwithone’sfeelings---individualisticcultures).
II.Cross-gendercommunication
Thecloseryouaretosomeone,andthelongeryouhavebeenclose,themoreyouhavetolosewhenyouopenyourmouth.---DeborahTannen
Whyso?
1.Wedon’trealizethatcommunicationisinherentlyambiguous;
2.Conversationalstylesdiffer;
3.Weexpecttobeunderstoodifthereislove….
Gender-basedcommunicationstyles:
1.rapport---report
2.connection---status
3.problems---solutions
4.listening---lecturing
5.Intimacy---independence
6.relationship---information
7.Inclusive---exclusive
8.novice---expert
9.community---contest
Humansarebornwithdifferentbiologicalsexes,andtheirculturehelpsthemtobeeducatedintodifferentgendersthroughtheprocessofsocialization.
Genderedwomenandmenareconsideredtwodifferentbranchesofsubculture.Inthissense,cross-gendercommunicationisakindofcross-culturecommunication.
Sternberg’sTriangularTheoryofLove:
•Thereareeighttypesofintimaterelationships;
•Intimaterelationshipscouldbeanalyzedbyexaminingthreecomponents:
1.Intimacy---feelingsofcloseness,sharing,communication,andsupport;
2.Passion---intensedesiretobeunitedwiththelovedone;
3.Commitment---boththeshort-termdecisiontoloveanotherandthelongertermcommitmenttomaintainit.
BrownandLevinson’snotionofpolitenessstrategies:
Theface-savingviewofpolitenessdrivesfromBrownandLevinson(1978),anditwouldbenoexaggerationtosaythatithasbeenmostinfluentialinprovidingaparadigmforlinguisticpolitenesswhichgoesbeyondamereextensionoftheGriceanmaxims(CP:
数量、质量、关系、方式).---RichardJ.Watts
BrownandLevinson’snegativeandpositivepolitenessstrategies:
积极礼貌的核心:
寻找共同点,表达赞成和赞美,保持亲密关系。
消极礼貌的核心:
用于适当增加距离,表达尊重和给予自由,减少冲突,使交流得以顺利进行。
FunctionsofBrownandLevinson’snegativeandpositivepolitenessstrategies:
有意识地应用礼貌策略,可以在充分发挥亲密关系作用的同时,适当调整距离,减少存在于亲密关系基础中阻碍交流的障碍,提高交流的质量。
MarkTwainoncesaid,“Icanlivefortwomonthsonagoodcompliment.”…Manycoupleshaveneverlearnedthetre
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