直接引语和间接引语用法讲解.docx
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直接引语和间接引语用法讲解.docx
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直接引语和间接引语用法讲解
直接引语和间接引语用法讲解之杨若古兰创作
一、概述
援用或转述他人说的话时有两种方法:
直接引述他人的原话,这叫做直接引语(directspeech).用本人的话转述他人的话,叫间接引语(indirectspeech).普通地讲,直接引语前后要加引号,间接引语不必引号,而用宾语从句来表达.
Mr.Blacksaid, “I'mbusy.”布菜克师长教师说:
“我很忙”.(直接引语)
Mr.Blacksaid thathewasbusy.布菜克师长教师说他很忙.(宾语从句是间接引语)
从上例看来,直接引语改为间接引语时,除将直接引语改为宾语从句以外,还须对直接引语中的人称和时态进行响应的变更,如上例直接引语中的I改成了he,am则改成了was.现将由直接引语改为间接引语时应留意的成绩,分述如下:
二、直接引语是陈述句时
直接引语如果是陈述句,变成间接引语时,用连词that引诱(that在口语中常省去),that从句之前用say、tell等动词,从句中的人称、时态、唆使代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作响应的变更.
1、 人称的变更
直接引语改为间接引语人称要响应的变更,把直接引语中的第一人称(如:
I,me,my,mine,we,us,our,ours)变成与主句的主语相分歧的人称.把直接引语中的第二人称(you,your,yours)变成和主句的间接宾语(即听话人,如无听话人,可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称)相分歧的人称.直接引语中的第三人称(he,him,his,she,her,hers,it,its,they,their,theirs,them)变成间接引语时,人称不变.
Hesaid,“I like it verymuch.”他说:
“我非常爱好它”.
→Hesaid that he liked it verymuch.他说他非常爱好它.(I改为he,it不变)
Hesaid,“You told me thisstory.”他说:
“你给我讲过这个故事.”
→Hesaidthat I hadtold him thatstory.他说我给他讲过那个故事.(You改为I,me改为him,told改为hadtold)
Hesaidtome,“She’s left her bookin your room”.他对我说:
“她把书放在你的房间里去了.”
Hetoldmethat shehad left her bookin my room.他对我说她把书放在我的房间里去了.(She’s→shehad,her不变,your→my)
2、 时态的变更
(1)主句的谓语动词是普通过去时
直接引语
间接引语
普通此刻时
普通过去时
此刻进行时
过去进行时
此刻完成时
过去完成时
普通过去时
过去完成时
过去完成时
过去完成时(不变)
普通将来时
过去将来时
普通将来进行时
过去将来进行时
普通将来完成时
过去将来完成时
如主句的谓语动词是普通过去时,直接引语变间接引语时,从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作响应的变更.直接引语改为间接引语时,动词时态响应变更表:
Hesaid,“Iusually watch TVonSunday.”他说:
“我常在礼拜天看电视”.
→Hesaidthatheusually watched TVonSunday.他说他常在礼拜天看电视.
Hesaid,“I'musing theknife.”他说:
“我正在用小刀.”
→Hesaidthathe wasusing theknife.他说他正在用小刀.
Shesaid,“I havenotheard fromhimsinceMay.”她说:
“自从蒲月份来我就没有收到他的来信.”
→Shesaidthatshe hadnot heardfromhimsinceMay.她说自从蒲月份以来她就没收到他的来信.
Hesaid,“I came tohelpyou.”他说:
“我来帮忙你.”
→Hesaidthat hehadcome tohelpme.他说他来帮忙我.
Hesaid,“I hadfinished myhomeworkbeforesupper.”他说:
“晚餐前我己做完了功课.”
→Hesaidthathe hadfinished hishomeworkbeforesupper.他说晚餐前他己做完了功课.
ZhouLansaid,“I'lldo itafterclass.”周兰说:
“下课后我就去做.”
→ZhouLansaidthatshe woulddo itafterclass.周兰说下课后她就去做.
Hesaid,“I shallbedoing myhomeworkthen.”他说:
“那时我将正在做功课.”
→Hesaidthathe shouldbedoing hishomeworkthen.他说那时他将正在做功课.
Hesaid,“We shallhavefinished theworkbythattime.”他说:
“我们将在那时之前完成工作.”
→Hesaidthatthey shouldhavefinished theworkbythattime.他说他们将在那时之前完成工作.
留意:
直接引语如果是客观真谛、名人名言、与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时,变成间接引语时,时态不变.
Theteachersaid,“Theearth is round.”老师说:
“地球是圆的.”
→Theteachersaidthattheearth is round.老师说地球是圆的.
Hesaid,“I was borninShangdongin1965.” 他说:
“我1965年生于山东.”
→Hesaidthathe was borninShangdongin1965.他说他1965年生于山东.
Hesaid,“Columbus discovered Americain1492.”他说:
“哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲.”
→HesaidColumbus discovered Americain1492.他说哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲.
(2)主句的谓语动词是此刻时或将来时
如果主句的谓语动词是此刻时或将来时,直接引语变成间接引语时,时态一概不变
Hesays,“I finished thework.”他说:
“我做竣工作了.”
Hesaysthathe finished thework.他说他做竣工作了.
Hewillsay,“I havewatered theflowers.” 他会说:
“我己经浇花了.”
Hewillsayhe haswatered theflowers.他会说他己经浇花了.
3、唆使代词、时间状语和地点状语的响应变更
见下表:
Hesaid,“ImetMr.Smith this morning.”他说“我今天凌晨见到史密斯了.”
HesaidthathehadmetMr.Smith that morning.他说他那天凌晨见到史密斯了.
Hesaid,“Wewenttothecinema yesterday.”他说:
“我们昨天去电影院了.”
→Hesaidtheyhadgonetothecinema thedaybefore.他说前一天他们去电影院了.
Lilysaid,“Iwillcomeback nextmonth.”莉莉说:
“我下个月回来.”
→Lilysaidthatshewouldgoback thenextmonth.莉莉说她下一个月就回去.
Hesaid,“Itisnineo'clock now.”他说:
“此刻九点了.”
→Hesaidthatitwasnineo'clock then.他说那时九点了.
Hesaid,“Ihaven'tseenher today.”他说:
“今天我没见到她.”
→Hesaidthathehadn'tseenherthatday .他说那天他没有见到她.
Shesaid,“Iwentthere yesterday.”她说:
“昨天我去了那儿.”
→Shesaidthatshehadgonethere thedaybefore.她说前一天她去了那儿.
Shesaid,“I'llgothere tomorrow.”她说:
“明天我将去那儿.”
→Shesaidthatshewouldgothere thenextday.她说第二天她将去那儿.
Hesaid,“Mysisterwas here threedays ago.”他说:
“三天前我妹妹在这儿.”
→Hesaidthathissisterhadbeen there threedays before.他说三天前他妹妹在那儿.(here→there;ago→before)
Shesaid,“Iwill come here this evening.”她说:
“今晚我将来这儿.”
→Shesaidthatshewould go there that evening.她说那晚她将去那儿.(come→go;here→there;this→that)
以上这些变更,要根据说话的具体时间和具体地点的情况而定,不成机械照搬.如果就在当地转述,here就不必改为there,come也不必改为go,如果就在当天转述,yesterday或tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变.直接引语中的普通过去时如与一个具体的过去时间状语连用,间接引语的普通过去时时态不变.
Fathersaid,“Iamfree thisafternoon ”父亲说:
“我今天下战书有空.”
→Fathersaidthathewasfree thisafternoon.父亲说他今天下战书有空.
Hesaid,“Iamgoing theretomorrow.”他说“我明天去那里.”
Hesaidthathewasgoing theretomorrow.他说他明天去那里.
巧记:
去掉引号加that,人称变更要灵活,时态向后退一步,状语变更按规定.
三、直接引语是疑问句时
直接引语如为疑问句,改为间接引语时,须将疑问句的语序改为陈述句的语序.其人称、时态等响应的变更同上.
巧记:
if(或whether)替引号,陈述语序要记牢.时态、人称和状语要变更,千万别把它忘掉.
1、直接引语是普通问句
变成间接引语时,须用连接词whether或if将其引出,使其成为间接引语的宾语从句.如果主句中的谓语动词为said,则将其改为asked.如果谓语动词后没有间接宾语,可以加上一个间接宾语me,him,her,them,us等.
She said,“Is your fatheranengineer?
” 她说:
“你父亲是工程师吗?
”
→She asked me whether my father was anengineer.她问我说我父亲是否是工程师.
Theteacher said toLiMing,“Have you finishedyourhomework?
”老师对李明说:
“你做完功课了吗?
”
→Theteacher asked LiMing whether he had finishedhishomework.老师问李明是否已做完功课了.
2、直接引语是特殊问句
如果直接引语为特殊疑问句,改为间接引语时,仍用特殊疑问句中的疑问词what,where,when,who,howmany作为连接词将其引出,构成间接引语中的宾语从句,但须将疑问式的动词改为陈述式.如果主句中的谓语动词为said,则将其改为asked.
巧记:
直接去引号,陈述语序莫忘掉.助动do(does)、did,要去掉.
“Whatdoyoudo everySundaymorning?
”myfriend saidtome.我的朋友问我说,每礼拜天上午你做什么?
→Myfriend asked me whatIdid everySundaymorning.我的朋友问我每礼拜天上午我做什么.
“Wherehaveyoubeen,LiMing?
”theteacher asked.老师问道:
“你上哪里去了,李明?
”
→Theteacher asked LiMing wherehehadbeen.老师问李明曾去过哪儿.
Iaskedher,“HowmanyEnglishbookswillyou readnextterm?
”我问她说:
“下学期你将读多少本英语书?
”
→Iaskedher howmanyEnglishbooksshewouldread thenextterm.我问她下学期将读多少本英文书.
“Whendidyou getupthismorning?
”askedmyfather.我父亲问道:
“今天凌晨你什么时候起床的?
”
→Myfatheraskedme whenIhad gotupthatmorning.我父亲问我那天凌晨我是什么时候起床的.
留意:
直接引语里是:
What'swrongwith……?
/What'sthematter?
/What'sthetrouble?
/Whathashappened?
/等特殊疑问句时,间接引语的语序不变.
Hesaidtoher“What’sthematterwithyou?
”他问她“你怎样了?
”
Heaskedher whatwasthematterwithher.他问她怎样了.
四、直接引语是祈使句
巧记:
去掉引号要加to;ask,order须记住,直引若是否定式,not加在to前部.
转述祈使句时,要使祈使句的动词本相变成带to的不定式,并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上tell、ask、order等动词,如果祈使句为否定式,在不定式的前面加not.如果祈使句中有please一词,改为间接引语时,就将please去掉.成为:
told(asked,ordered,warned)someone(not)todosomething结构.
He said,“Sitdown,please.”他说:
“请坐.”
→He askedmetositdown.他让我坐下.
Theteacher said, “Don’ttalk inclass!
”老师说:
“上课不要讲话!
”
→Theteacher toldusnottotalk inclass!
老师要我们上课不要讲话.
Thecaptain saidtohismen,“Fire!
”上尉对他的士兵们说“开火!
”
→Thecaptain orderedhismentofire.上尉命令他的士兵们开火!
Thepolicemansaidtothechildren,“Don'tplay footballinthemiddleofthestreet.”警察对孩子们说:
“别在马路两头踢足球.”
→Thepoliceman warnedthechildrennottoplay footballinthemiddleofthestreet.警察警告孩子们不要在马路两头踢足球.
五、点击考点
I.改错:
1.HesaidthatheisgoingtoLondon.
2.Tomsaidtheyhadfinishedthejobyesterday.
3.Sheaskedmedon’tsmokeintheroom.
4.Theyaskedthathewasthere.
5.Iaskedyouwherewashegoing.
6.Theteachertoldusnottalkanymore.
7.Thedoctorsaidtohiswife, Notwaitforme.
8.HeaskedmewhoIam.
9.Marysaidthatshewouldseeyoutomorrow.
10.Motheraskedwhatthematterwas.
1.“Wherewillyougotomorrow?
”,Motheraskedme.
2.Theoldwomansaidtome,“Pleaselockthedoorforme.”
3.Theboytoldhisteacher,“Wewenttoanexhibitionyesterday.”
4.Hesaid,“I'llgotothestationtoseeoffafriendofminethisafternoon.”
5.“Hello,howareyou?
”,hesaidtome.
6.Tomsaidtomeangrily,“Whydon’tyoutellmeyouhavebeenherefortwoweeks?
”
7.JohnsaidtoMary,“DoyourememberIborrowedadiamondnecklacefromyou?
”
8.TheteachersaidtoLiMing,“Don’tmakethesamemistakeagain.”
9.“Areyouleavingtodayortomorrow?
”,Iaskedher.
10.Thenursesaidtothechildren,“Thesunrisesintheeast.”
参考答案:
I.1.is→was2.yesterday→thedaybefore 3.don’t→notto 4.that→if
5.washe→hewas 6.not后面加to7.Not→Don't 8.am→was
9.tomorrow→thenextday 10.wasthematter
II.1.MotheraskedmewhereIwouldgothenextday.
2.Theoldwomanaskedmetolockthedoorforher.
3.Theboytoldhisteacherthattheyhadgonetoanexhibitionthedaybefore.
4.Hesaidthathewouldgotothestationtoseeoffafriendofhisthatafternoon.
5.HeaskedmehowIwas.
6.TomaskedmeangrilywhyIdidn'ttellhimIhadbeentherefortwoweeks.
7.JohnaskedMaryifsherememberedhehadborrowedadiamondnecklacefromher.
8.TheteachertoldLiMingnottomakethesamemistakeagain.
9.Iaskedherwhethershewasleavingthatdayorthenextday.
10.Thenursetoldthechildrenthatthesunrisesintheeast.
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