概要写作分类讲解.docx
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概要写作分类讲解.docx
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概要写作分类讲解
概要写作
分类(叙述类&论说类)讲解
1.叙述类文章
【文本分析】
叙述类文章主要叙事,即讲述一个故事,往往涵盖5WH(Who,What,When,Where,Why,How)等信息,根据故事的情节发展(PlotDevelopment),文本基本可以分成五个部分:
引入(Exposition):
作为故事的开端,主要交代故事的背景(时间、地点、主要人物、矛盾冲突等);
发展(Risingaction):
故事矛盾冲突不断变化发展的过程;
高潮(Climax):
故事矛盾冲突的转折点,故事最紧张的部分;
结局(Fallingaction):
故事发展的结局,矛盾冲突的最终解决;
尾声(Resolution):
故事结局的影响,以及作者的总结、思考。
其中,“尾声”部分并不属于情节发展的必要部分,因此并非所有叙述类文章都具备。
【概要写作步骤】
1 根据情节发展的阶段,将文本分成四到五个部分。
2 圈划符合该部分功能、推动情节发展的主要内容,用一句话进行总结。
3 用精炼的语言连接,润色每个部分的概述性句子。
4 认真检查,自检标准:
5WH
【例题解析】
MeetTheMemberWhoQuitSugar
WhenIwas15,Iweighed100kg.
Iwasasize20+andhatedthewayIlooked.Iwasaserialbigeaterandquitedepressed.Iwouldsitinfrontofthefridge,eatsomething,movetothecupboard,eatapacketofchips,andmovebacktothefridge.
Itwasaheartbreakingcycleofhateandfood.Ididn’tfeelconfident,pretty,orworthwhile.
Shoppingmademecry,Iavoidedmirrors,andmysociallifecametoanend.IactuallylostfriendsbecausetheytoldmeIwasantisocial.ItbecamesobadthatIwantedtoabusemyself;myskinandmymindbecamemyenemy.
Butthen,Iturnedmylifearound.Iquitsugar.
Itstartedwithmymum.Shestagedan intervention (干预)thatmademecry.Iwantedtochange-Ineededtochange-andshecouldseehowunhappyIwas.
Sheputmeontoadietthatmostlyaimedtoschedulemeals,and-tomyshockhorror-cutoutallprocessedsugar.Itwassohardatfirst.Iremembertheshameofsneakingchocolateandcandieswhenthethreeo’clockhungerhits.
Buttheweekskeptcominganditjustgoteasier.Istoppedeatingsugar,andIstoppedlovingit;simpleasthat.
Isubstitutedchipsandbiscuitsforfruitandnuts,andhadcup-of-soupsafterschoolwhenIwashitbythedesire.Ialsohadmoreenergy,havinga20-minutewalkwithmydogintomyeverydayroutine;Ibegantolovethatpersonaltime.
5 Cuttingoutsugargavemesomuchmorecontrolovermybody,andmyoutlookonlifeimproved.Somanypeopleareintimidatedbythewords“quitsugar”.It’snottrue.Fruit,honey,etceteraarenaturalsugars,andbelieveme,theyfuelyoubetterthanchocolatebarsevercould.
NowI’m17,turning18,andIweigh70kg.Istillstrugglewithmyweight,butthisiswhereIsitnaturally,andIamveryproudofmyself.IneverthoughtIwouldbeconfidentenoughtoweardressesorskirts,andtakeleadershiprolestoputmyselfoutthereanddevelopmysocialskills.
Icouldneverhavedoneitwithoutthesupportofmyfriendsandfamily,andIurgeeveryonewhowantstodorightbythemselvesandchangetheirdiet-quittingsugarorotherwise-tosharetheirdecisionwithpeople.Developasupportnetwork,onlineoroffline,whichcanofferyouadviceorpickyouupwhenyou’reIcanassureyou,frommyownpersonalexperience,yourbodywillthankyou,andyouwillthankyourselftoo.
Possibleversionofthesummary
PassageA
Beforequittingsugar,shewaslow-spiritedaboutheroverweight.Thenhermomsteppedinandrequiredhertofollowadiettoquitsugar.Despiteinitialdiscomfort,shewasgraduallyusedtoeatingandlivinghealthily.Withherweightlost,shefeltbetterandregainedconfidence.Todothisright,weneedtotakeactionandseeksupport.(59words)
PassageB
Afterexperiencingalotofheartbreakingmomentsduetoheroverweight,theauthormadeuphermindtogodietbyquittingsugar.Sheturnedtohermotherandhealthyfood.Afterstrugglingwithherweightandsugar-eatinghabit,nowshehaslost30kgandfeelsmuchbetterthaneverbefore.Herexperienceistotakeactionandsupport.(60words)
2.论说类文章
1)现象分析型
【文本分析】
该类型文章主要围绕某一现象进行分析、说明或评论,此类文章的典型结构及内容要点见下表:
文本结构
内容要点
说明
第一部分
呈现
现象的具体表现
文本中的具体例子和数据不需要写入概要,但总结性的展开说明则需要
第二部分
分析或说明
1.主题句
2.展开说明的支持性细节,如方式、影响等
第二部分
评论及其他信息
积极/负面/谨慎的评论
1.如与前文内容重复,可不写入概要
2.本部分可能不出现在文本中
【概要写作步骤】
1 根据此类文章的基本结构,将文本分为三个部分。
2 圈划各个部分的内容要点。
3 撰写概要。
概要由以下三个部分组成:
第一部分:
现象具体表现的关键信息。
第二部分:
现象的分析或说明等主题句及支持性细节的关键信息。
第三部分(如有):
文本所提供的影响、评论等其他信息。
4 用精炼的语言连接、润色每个部分。
5 认真检查。
自检标准:
现象的具体表现,以及围绕其进行分析、评论的主题句与支持性细节的关键词句。
【例题解析】
GeneTherapy“Weusedtothinkthatourfatewasinourstars,butnowweknowthat,inlargemeasure,ourfateisinourgenes,”saidJamesWatson.Watsonisamolecular(分子的)biologistandco-discovererofDNAstructure.WhyScientistsareseeingthatgenetherapyisrevolutionizingthetreatmentofdisease.Ingenetherapy,healthygenesareintroducedintodefective(有缺陷的)cellstopreventorcuredisease.Whilemuchoftheresearchisinthebeginningstages,somesuccessespointtotherealbenefitofthetherapy.InItaly,doctorshaverecentlytreatedonegeneticdiseasewithgenetherapy.Thisdiseasemostoftenbeginstodestroythebrainwhenchildrenarebetween1and2,stoppingthemfromwalkingandtalking.Byinsertingnormal,healthygeneticmaterialintoavirusandtheninfectingthepatients,scientistsseemtobeabletocurethedisease.Althoughthechildrengiventhetherapystillneedfollow-uptreatments,theynowleadarelativelynormallife.Genetherapyhasalsobeenusedtohelpolderpatients.Thesepeoplesufferfromadiseasethatcausesslowmovementanduncontrollableshakingbecausepartofthebraindies.Thosetreatedwithgenetherapyshowedapercentimprovementwhentestedsixmonthslater.Genetherapyappearstobeamorepositivealternativetosurgeryormedicineandisanexcitingnewapproachthatisjustmakingthenews.Researchershopethatinthecomingyears,everygeneticdiseasewillhavegenetherapyasitstreatment.Butmoreresearchisneededtoassureitssafety.
Possibleversionofthesummary:
Genetherapy,intendedtopreventorcurediseasebyinsertinghealthygenesintofaultycells,ischangingthetreatmentofdiseaserevolutionarily.Thoughstillintheinitialphases,genetheoryhasbenefitedbothchildrenandolderpatientswithgeneticdiseasebyimprovingtheirconditions.However,moreresearchshouldbedonetoensureit’ssafe.(54words)
2)因果关系型
【文本分析】
该类型文章主要说明某一现象产生的原因。
此类文章的典型结构及内容要点见下表:
文本结构
内容要点
说明
第一部分
呈现
1.现象的具体表现
2.引出“原因”
一般两到三个原因,
并具体展开
第二部分
原因
1.主题句
2.展开说明支持性细节,如原因、方式、影响等
第三部分
总结
对全文内容的总结
本部分可能不出现在文本中
【概要写作步骤】
1 根据此类文章的基本结构,将文本分为两到三个部分。
2 圈划各个部分的内容要点。
3 撰写概要。
概要由以下三个部分组成:
第一部分:
现象的具体表现,以及引出“原因”的关键信息;
第二部分:
每个原因的主题句与支持性细节的关键词;
第三部分(如有):
总结部分的关键词。
4 用精炼的语言连接、润色每个部分。
5 认真检查。
自检标准:
每个部分的主题句,以及每个原因的主题句与展开说明。
【例题解析1】
Shyness
If you suffer from shyness, you are not alone, for shyness isauniversalphenomenon.Itis not surprisingthatsocialscientists are exploringitsenvironmentalcauses.
Thefirstenvironmentalcauseof shyness manybeachild’shomeandfamilylife.Today’schildren are growingupinsmallerandsmallerfamilies, withfewerandfewerrelativeslivingnearby.Growingupinhomesinwhichbothparentsworkfulltime, childrenmay not havethesocializingexperienceoffrequentvisitsbyneighboursandfriends.Becauseoftheirlackofsocialskills, theymaybegintofeelshywhentheystartschool.
Asecondenvironmentalcauseof shyness inanindividualmaybeone’sculture.InalargestudyconductedinJapan, 55percentparticipantsratedthemselvesasshy.ResearchersLynneHendersonandPhilipZimbardosay,,“OneexpectationisthatinJapan, anindividual’sperformancesuccessiscreditedexternallytoparents, grandparents, teachers, coaches, andothers, whilefailureisentirelyblamedontheperson.”Therefore, Japaneselearn not totakerisksinpublicandrelyinsteadongroup-shareddecisions.
Technologymayplayaroleaswell.IntheUnitedStates, thenumberofyoungpeoplewhoreportbeingshyhasrisen from 40percentto50percentinrecentyears.Duetoourhugeadvancesintechnology, watchingtelevision, playingvideogames, andsurfingtheWebhavereplacedrecreationalactivitiesthatinvolvesocialinteractionformanyyoungpeople.Adults, too, are becomingmoreisolatedasaresultoftechnology.Face-to-faceinteractionswithbanktellers, gasstationattendants, andstoreclerks are nolongernecessarybecausepeoplecanusemachinestodotheirbanking, filltheirgastanks, andordergoods.Inshort, theybecomeshy.
Itappearsthatmostpeoplehaveexperienced shyness atsometimeintheirlives.Therefore, if you are shy, you havelotsofcompany.
Possibleversionofthesummary:
Shyness iscommonandithasenvironmentalcauses, includinghomeandfamilylife, cultureandtechnology.Firstly, withsmallerfamiliesandworkingpatents, childrenlacksocialinteractions.Secondly, blamingfailureonindividualscausespeopleinsomeculturetobeshyinpublic.Finally, withthedevelopmentoftechnology, peoplehavefeweropportunitiestosocializeinperson.(56)
【例题解析2】
LearningbyRoteintheDigitalAge
Rotelearninghasbecomeseenasanoutdatedmethodofteaching.Thedictionarydefineslearning“byrote”as“from memory, withoutthoughtofthemeaning,inamechanicway.”
Thedeclineofrotelearninghasbeenquickenedbytechnology.Nooneneedstomemorizefriends’phonenumbersoremailaddressesbecausesuchdataisconvenientlystoredandaccessibleelectronically.AndwhyrememberwhenandwhereWorldWarIIbrokeoutwhen you canfindtheanswerontheinternetinaboutsixsecondsButnowthere are voicesforaneedtoreturntorotelearning.
Infact, memorizingkeydataisessentialtolearninganyskills.Doctoringrequiresknowledgeofmedicineandlayeringrequiresknowledgeofcasesandlaws.Ofcourse, beingabletorecallthingswill not furtheryourunderstandingofthosethings, butwithoutmemorizingthesefoundationelements, you cannotprogresstoadeeperunderstandingofasubject.
Whiletheinternetandcomputershaveweakenedtheneedforustorememberthings, itmaywell
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