英语四种基本句式.docx
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英语四种基本句式.docx
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英语四种基本句式
英语四种基本句式(总11页)
英语四种基本句式:
陈述、疑问、祈使和感叹句
一:
肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句
例句:
Iamastudent.Hegoestoschool.
Iamnotaboy.Hedoesnotgotoschool.
AreyouastudentDoyou/DoesshelikeEnglish
Whattime(isit),pleasewhichisyourpen
Whatdaytoday
问星期whatdateisittoday?
问日期
含be/amisarewaswere:
Thisisabook.Isthisabook__yes,itis/no,itisn’t
Thisisnotabook.Whatisthiswhatthisis
不含be的,借助do/does:
IlikeEnglish.IdonotlikeEnglish.DoyoulikeEnglish
Whatdoyoulike
ShelikesEnglish.ShedoesnotlikeEnglish.DoesshelikeEnglish.Whatdoesshelike
提问例词:
When问时间who问人whose问主人where问地点which问选择
why问原因whattime问时间whatcolor问颜色whatabout问意见
whatday问星期whatdate问日期whatplace问具体地点How问情况
howold问年龄howmany/much问数量、价钱howabout问意见howfar问路程
howlong问时间howsoon问时间howoften问频率
肯定句转否定句中特殊用法:
变为any。
如:
Therearesomebirdsinthetree.→Therearen'tanybirdsinthetree.
但是,若在表示邀请、请求的句子中,some可以不变。
如:
Wouldyoulikesomeorangejuice
与此相关的一些不定代词如something,somebody等也要进行相应变化。
变为or。
如:
Ihaveaknifeandaruler.→Idon'thaveaknifeoraruler.
Youneedn’tworryaboutthejobandYouneedn’tworryaboutthejoborpay.(Don’tneedto)
lotof(=lotsof)变为many(修饰可数n)或much(修饰不可数n)。
如:
Theyhavealotoffriends.(可数名词)→Theydon'thavemanyfriends.
Thereislotsoforangeinthebottle.(不可数名词)→Thereisn'tmuchorangeinthebottle.
变为yet。
如:
Ihavebeentherealready.→Ihaven'tbeenthereyet.
Ihavesentyouthemailalready.→Ihaven’tsentyouthemailyet.
二:
疑问句questios分类:
一般疑问、特殊疑问、反意疑问、选择疑问
1.一般疑问句generalquestions:
yes/noquestions型,一般可由yes/no来回答;
11.一般疑问句的基本结构:
A.be/助/情态动词(becandohavewill等)+主语+谓语/表语+(其他),句子要读升调;
Eg:
Aretheyyourfriends CanyouplaybasketballCanyouswimtotheotherside
Doeshegotoschoolonfoot DoyoulikeEnglish
Haveyoulockedthedoor Willyoubefreetonight以上均可用yes、no来回答。
B:
陈述句亦可用作一般疑问句,多用在非正式文体中,句末有问号,用升调;
Eg:
Somebodyiswithyou Hedidn’tfinishthework YouarefreshfromAmerica,Isuppose
22.一般疑问句的回答:
除yes、no外,也可用certainly,probably,perhaps,ofcourse,allright,withpleasure等代替yes,用never,notatall等代替no;
Eg:
—Canyouhelpme —Certainly.
—Couldyoupleasemakelessnoise —Allright,sir.—Haveyoubeenthere?
—Never.
33.一般疑问句的否定式:
A.一般结构:
系/助/情态动词+not+主语;
也可为:
系/助/情态动词+主语+not。
Eg:
Doyounot/Don’tyoubelieveme
Isitnot/Isn’titalovelyday?
Areyounot/Aren’tyoucoming
Willyounot/Won’tyousitdown
Ishenot/Isn’theadoctor
Willhenot/Won’thegowithyou?
DoesHelennot/Doesn’tHelenlikechocolate海伦不喜欢巧克力吗
B.否定疑问句并不单纯表示提问,它常常带有感情色彩;否定疑问句的完全式比简略式所表达的语气更强烈些;惊异、赞叹或责难等语气;暗示提问者期待着肯定的回答;表示邀请或建议;
Eg:
Haven’tyoureadthenewspaper Won’thecome他不来了啊
Shouldn’twestartnow?
Wasn’titaninterestingfilm?
Wouldn’tyouliketogowithme Won’tyouhaveacupofcoffee
44.一般疑问句否定式的回答:
否定的一般疑问句的答语中,yes的含义为“不”,no的含义为“是”,但在回答这类句子时,应该注意yes后接肯定结构,no后接否定结构,这和汉语习惯不同。
Eg:
—AreyounotMrSmith —Yes,I am.不,我是的,我不是
—Haven’tyoureadthisbookbefore—Yes,Ihave.不,我读过的,我没有—Don’t youplaychess—
Yes,Ido.不,我下棋的,我不下棋。
教你一招:
在这样的答语中,只要根据实际情况来判断,如果事实上是,就用肯定的结构,前面接yes;如果事实上不是,就用否定结构,前面接no;但此时的yes、no应翻译成反义的中文。
2.特殊问句specialquestions:
wh-questions型问句,when.where.what.who.why.which.whose.
11.特殊疑问句的基本结构:
A.特殊疑问词+一般疑问句;即特殊疑问词+be/助/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语+(其他).
Eg:
Whoisitonthephone谁来的电话 Howmanyorangescanyouseeinthepicture?
Wheredidyoulastseeit Whatdidyoueatyesterday Howdoyouusuallygotoschool
Whatcanbedoneaboutit WhichareyoursWhatdidyousay
WhowouldliketocomeforagameoffootballWhydidn’tyoutellme?
B:
特殊疑问句有时可有一个以上的疑问词;
Eg:
Whichpresentdidyougivetowhom Whenandwheredidyoumeet
C:
特殊疑问句有时须以介词开首;
Eg:
Bywhomisthebookwritten Sincewhenhaveyoulivedhere
D:
疑问词作主语或主语的定语时,与陈述句的语序相同;
Eg:
Whoisintheroom谁在房间里
E:
“why+一般疑问句否定式”这种结构一般表示劲告、建议、责备等,而不能归为特殊问句;
Eg:
Whydon’tyoucomeearlier Whynotgoskiing为何不去滑雪呢
22.特殊疑问词:
疑问代词、疑问副词
A.疑问代词:
whowhomwhosewhichwhat
指认S指人O指所属关系,做定语后接n指人或物,一定范围、没规定范围的
Eg:
Whoisthegirlunderthetree
Whoisnothere
Whomareyouwritingto
Whomdoyouwanttosee
Whosepenisthis
Whosearethoseshoes
Whichgirlswillbeinthesportsmeeting
Whichhatislily’s
Whatcanyouseeinthepicture
Whatisintheteacher’sroom?
B.疑问副词:
when/where/why/how/howold/howmany/much/howoften/soon/far/long
问时间地点原因方式年龄多少频率速度距离
Eg:
Whenwillshereturn
Wheredoyoucomefrom
Whyareyoulateforschool
Howdoyouusuallygotoschool
HowoldisJim’slittlebrother
Howmanyfriendsdoyouhave
Howfarisitfromyourhometoschool
HowlongwillyoustayinBeijing
Howoftendoyougotoseeyourgrandparents
Howsoonwillyoucomeback?
33.特殊疑问句的回答:
简略/整句回答,不用yes、no
Eg:
Whohasborrowedmybike
Jack.
Whendidheborrowmybike?
Thismorning.
Whereishe
Attheoffice.
Whatishedoingthere
Working.
Whosebikeisthis
Mr.Smith’s.Smith’sbike.
3.选择疑问句:
alternativequestions提出两种或两种以上的可能,问对方选择哪一种。
其结构可用一般疑问句,也可用特殊疑问句,供选择的两部分由or连接,前者用升调,后者用降调。
Eg:
Willyougotherebybusorbytrain Whatwouldyoulike,coffeeortea
Howmanypensdoyouhave,oneortwo?
11.一般疑问句演化而来的:
Eg:
Isitrightorwrong?
Aretheyreading,chattingorwatchingtelevision?
Wereyouorhethere?
Doyouwanttogotherebylandorbyair?
22.特殊疑问句演化而来的:
Eg:
Whichdoyoulikebetter,coffeeormilk Whatcolourisit,red,blueoryellow Whereareyougoing,totheclassroomortothelibraryHowshallwego,byseaorbyland
not构成的选择疑问句:
Eg:
Doyouwanttobuyitornot Areyoureadyornot
44.选择疑问句的回答,非所问语,不用yes、no,而要用简略或完整的结构来回答
Eg:
—Doyougotoworkbybusorbybike —Bybus.
—Whichwouldyoulike,teaorcoffee —Coffee.
55.or连接的选择疑问句,并列部分可为多种成分
Eg:
表语,如:
—AreyouanEnglishmanoranAmerican?
—I’mfromEngland.
状语,如:
—Isthedelegationarrivingtodayortomorrow?
—Today,Ithink.
宾语,如:
—Wouldyoulikecoffeeortea?
—Tea,please.
谓语,如:
—ShallwewatchTVorgototheconcert?
—I’dprefertogototheconcert.
分句,如:
—ShallIcometopickyouuporshallwemeetattheairport?
—Asyouplease.
4.反意疑问句:
disjunctivequestions是一种常用于口语的疑问句,这种问句由两部分组成,前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是附加的一简短问句(称为questiontag),中间用逗号隔开,因此,反意疑问句又称附加疑问句。
如果前肯则后否;如果前否则后肯。
附加问句一般为“be、助、情态动词+代词”构成,如:
Eg:
Theydidn’tcleantheclassroomyesterday,didthey?
Thisisyourcar,isn’tit
You’recoming,aren’tyou
Johndoesn’tliketea,doeshe
Shecan’tswim,canshe Youdon’tlikerockmusic,doyou
11.反意疑问句需注意的问题:
Eg:
前后代词一致Heisyourteacher,isn’the Lileigetsupatsixinthemorning,doesn’the
系、情态、助动词借助Tomhasfinishedhishomework,hasn’the
ShewenttoShanghaiyesterday,didn’tshe
含否定词 There’slittlewaterinthebottle,isthere?
前后双肯或双否,有特殊含义 Yousoldthatlovelybracelet,didyou=I’msorryyoudid. 遗憾!
22.反意疑问句的语调:
通常陈述句部分用降调,附加问句用升调:
Hecan’tswim,canheLilylikessports,doesn’tshe 对自己的看法比较肯定而又希望听者同意这种看法时,前后都用降调:
Youdon’tlikerockmusic,doyou期望回答:
No,Idon’t.
Youlikerockmusic,don’tyou期望回答:
Yes,Ido.
33.反意疑问句的答语 :
A.一般由yes或no引导的简略语来回答,但是要注意时态及代词的呼应
Eg:
—Sheisyourteacher,isn’tshe?
—Yes,sheis.
—Lileigetsupatsixinthemorning,doesn’the?
—Yes,heis.
B.在前否定后肯定的,回答语中:
yes译成“不是”,no译成“是的”。
Eg:
Shecan’tswim,canshe
Yes,shecan.
Sheisn’tyourteacher,isshe?
Yes,sheis.
三.一些特殊问句的反意疑问:
1.陈述句是Iam…结构,反意问句用aren’tI或amnotI
I’mright,aren’tI
陈述句主语是不定代词时,如果是表物的everything,anything,something,nothing时,反意问句的主语it,谓语动词用单数;如果是表人的everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nobody,noone时,反意问句的主语可用they,也可用he,谓语动词用相应的单、复数,如:
Nothingisserious,isitNoonewashurt,werethey
EverybodyknowswhatIsaid,don’tthey Everyoneknowshisjob,doesn’the
3.如果陈述部分的主语是指示代词this,that时,疑问句的主语用it,谓语单数;如果陈述部分的主语是指示代词these,those,则疑问句的主语用they,谓语用复数,如:
Thisisveryimportant,isn’tit Thosearecups,aren’tthey
4.如果陈述部分以不定代词one作主语,附加疑问部分的主语在正式场合用one,在非正式场合用you,如:
Onecan’tbetoocareful,canone(you)最认真不过如此了,是吗
5.陈述部分的主语是从句、不定式或动名词时,疑问部分的主语用it,谓语用单数,如:
Whatyousaidiswrong,isn’tit TolearnEnglishwellisn’teasy,isit
PracticingspeakingEnglisheverymorningwilldoyougood,won’tit?
6.陈述句中的谓语动词是therebe,后边的疑问部分也用therebe形式,如:
Thereisanappleonthetable,isn’tthere?
There’resometreesontheisland,aren’tthere?
7.陈述句谓语动词是wish,表示征求意见时,反意问句用may,如:
Iwishtohaveanotherpieceofcake,mayI Iwishtogohomenow,mayI
8.陈述句句中有hardly,seldom,rarely,no,nothing,never,little,few,nobody,nowhere,barely,neither,too…to等表示否定意义的词时,反意问句用肯定式,如:
Youwillneverforgetit,willyou Thereisnothingonthetable,isthere
Shehasfewfriends,doesshe?
9.如果陈述句中的否定式仅带有否定词缀(前缀或后缀),则将其看成肯定句,反意问句一般仍用否定式,如:
Heisunfitforhisjob,isn’the That’sunfair,isn’tit
10.前句谓语动词为have/has/hadto时其疑问部分的谓语动词应用don’t/doesn’t/didn’t,如:
Hehastogetupatfourtomorrow,doesn’the?
Theyhadtoleaveearly,didn’tthey?
11.陈述句中的谓语动词为usedto时,其疑问部分的谓语动词有两种形式,如:
HeusedtoliveinLondon,usedn’the/didn’the
Thereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewar,usedn’tthere/didn’tthere?
12.陈述句中的谓语动词是oughtto,则疑问部分的谓语动词通常用ought/oughtn’t代替,如:
Suchthingsoughtnottobeallowed,oughtthey?
Heoughttobepunished,oughtn’the?
或Weoughttogo,oughtwenot 或weoughttogo,shouldwenot
13.当陈述部分有dare或need时,若dare和need为实义动词,疑问部分的谓语动词用do的适当形式;若dare和need为情态动词,疑问部分用dare或need构成,如:
Weneedtodoit,don’twe Youdaren’tgothere,dareyou
14.含有情态动词must的句子 :
1)若陈述句中强调对现在的情况的推测,疑问部分用aren’t/isn’t+主语,如:
Youmustbetired,aren’tyou?
2)前句谓语动词是musthave+过去分词时,若陈述句中强调过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间状语),疑问部分的谓语动词用didn’t+主语,如:
Hemusthavemetheryesterday,didn’the?
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