矿物加工专业英语复习资料剖析.docx
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矿物加工专业英语复习资料剖析.docx
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矿物加工专业英语复习资料剖析
Unit1Lesson1
1矿物(minerals)
Mineralsdefinition:
Mineralsbydefinitionarenaturalinorganicsubstancespossessingdefinitechemicalcompositionsandatomicstructures.
矿物的定义:
具有稳定的化学成分、晶体结构的天然无机化合物。
Mineraltypes:
nativeandmetallicform,oxides,sulphides,carbonates,silicatesandchlorides.
矿物的种类:
主要按化学成分划分:
单质矿物、氧化物、硫化物、碳酸盐、硅酸盐、卤化物等。
Isomorphism:
substitutionofatomswithinthecrystalstructurebysimilaratomstakesplacewithoutaffectingtheatomicstructure.
类质同象:
矿物晶体中的原子被类似原子取代而不改变矿物晶体结构的现象。
例如:
铁橄榄石—镁橄榄石。
Polymorphism:
differentmineralshavethesamechemicalcomposition,butmarkedlydifferentphysicalpropertiesduetoadifferenceinatomicstructure.
同质多象:
矿物的化学成分相同,但晶体结构和物理化学性质不同的现象。
例如:
金刚石、石墨。
Rocks:
Rocksconsistofavarietyofmineralsandformlargepartsoftheearth’scrust.Granite,forinstance,whichisthemostabundantigneousrock,iscomposedofthreemainmineralconstituents,feldspar,quartz,andmica.
岩石:
由一种或多种矿物组成的天然集合体,例如:
花岗岩主要由石英、长石、云母以不同比例组成。
2矿石ores
Ore:
Anorecanbedescribedbrieflyasanaccumulationofmineralinsufficientquantityastobecapableofeconomicextraction.
矿石:
具有经济利用价值的矿物集合体.
Classification:
(1)Oresarefrequentlyclassedaccordingtothenatureofthevaluablemineral,suchasnativeores,sulphideoresandoxidisedores.
(2)Oresarealsoclassifiedbythenatureoftheirgangues,suchascalcareousorbasic(limerich),orsiliceous,oracidic(silicarich)
矿石的分类:
(1)根据有用矿物的性质分为:
自然元素矿石(单质矿石)、硫化矿和氧化矿等。
(2)根据脉石矿物的性质分为:
钙质矿石、硅质矿石、酸性矿石等。
3金属矿石与非金属矿石metallicoresandnon-metallicores
Oresofeconomicvaluecanbeclassedasmetallic(whenitisusedtopreparethemetal)ornon-metallic(whenitisusedtomakematerial),accordingtotheuseofthemineral.
根据矿物的用途划分:
如果以提取矿物中的金属为目的,则成为金属矿石;如果矿物直接利用,则称之为非金属矿石。
Reviewofthelastlesson
1矿物(minerals)
Mineralsbydefinitionarenaturalinorganicsubstancespossessingdefinitechemicalcompositionsandatomicstructures.
Isomorphism:
Manymineralsexhibitisomorphism,wheresubstitutionofatomswithinthecrystalstructurebysimilaratomstakesplacewithoutaffectingtheatomicstructure.
Polymorphism:
Mineralscanalsoexhibitpolymorphism,differentmineralshavingthesamechemicalcomposition,butmarkedlydifferentphysicalpropertiesduetoadifferenceinatomicstructure.
2矿石ores
Ore:
Anorecanbedescribedbrieflyasanaccumulationofmineralinsufficientquantityastobecapableofeconomicextraction.
3金属矿石与非金属矿石metallicoresandnon-metallicores
Oresofeconomicvaluecanbeclassedasmetallic(whenitisusedtopreparethemetal)ornon-metallic(whenitisusedtomakematerial),accordingtotheuseofthemineral.
Lesson2
Typesofcoal煤的种类
Lignite,Sub-bituminouscoal,BituminouscoalandAnthracite.
主要包括:
褐煤、亚烟煤、烟煤、无烟煤
Cokinganduseofcoke炼焦及焦炭的应用
Cokeisasolidcarbonaceousresiduederivedfromlow-ash,low-sulfurbituminouscoalfromwhichthevolatileconstituentsaredrivenoffbybakinginanovenwithoutoxygenattemperaturesashighas1,000°C(1,832°F)sothatthefixedcarbonandresidualasharefusedtogether.
焦炭是一种从低灰、低硫的烟煤中获得的固态碳质残余物,烟煤在隔绝氧气的条件下和1000度的高温下焙烧,驱除其中的挥发份,使固定碳和残留灰分熔融在一起。
Gasification
Coalgasificationbreaksdownthecoalintoitscomponents,usuallybysubjectingittohightemperatureandpressure,usingsteamandmeasuredamountsofoxygen.
煤气化是将煤分解为不同的组分,通常是使用蒸汽和一定量的氧气气氛,在高温、高压条件下进行。
Liquefaction液化
包括间接液化和直接液化两种方法
Indirectsynthesis:
CoalwouldbegasifiedtomakesyngasandthesyngascanbecondensedusingFischer-Tropschcatalysts(催化剂)tomakelighthydrocarbonswhicharefurtherprocessedintogasolineanddiesel.
间接液化:
首先将煤气化为合成气,然后在催化剂作用下将合成气浓缩制备轻质烃油,轻质烃油在进一步转化为汽油和柴油。
Directliquefactionprocesses:
liquefactionbyhydrogenation,SolventRefinedCoal,Karrickprocess
直接液化:
包括加氢液化、溶剂精炼、Karrick法等。
TheFischer-Tropschprocess(orFischer-TropschSynthesis)isacatalyzedchemicalreactioninwhichsynthesisgas(syngas),amixtureofcarbonmonoxideandhydrogen,isconvertedintoliquidhydrocarbonsofvariousforms.Themostcommoncatalystsarebasedonironandcobalt,althoughnickelandrutheniumhavealsobeenused.Theprincipalpurposeofthisprocessistoproduceasyntheticpetroleumsubstitute,typicallyfromcoal,naturalgasorbiomass,foruseassyntheticlubricationoilorassyntheticfuel.
Sasol(SouthAfricanCoalandOil)isaSouthAfricancompanyinvolvedinmining,energy,chemicalsandsynfuels.Inparticular,theyproducepetrolanddieselprofitablyfromcoalandnaturalgasusingFischer-Tropschsynthesis.
TheBergiusProcessisamethodofproductionofliquidhydrocarbonsforuseassyntheticfuelbyhydrogenationoflignite(browncoal)athightemperatureandpressure.ItwasfirstdevelopedbyFriedrichBergiusin1913.Ligniteorsub-bituminouscoalisfinelygroundandmixedwithheavyoilrecycledfromtheprocess.Catalystistypicallyaddedtothemixture.Anumberofcatalystshavebeendevelopedovertheyears,includingtungstenormolybdenumsulfides,tinornickeloleate,andothers.
Naphthanormallyreferstoanumberofdifferentflammableliquidmixturesofhydrocarbons,i.e.adistillationproductfrompetroleumorcoaltarboilinginacertainrangeandcontainingcertainhydrocarbons,abroadtermencompassinganyvolatile,flammableliquidhydrocarbonmixture.
TheKarrickprocessisalow-temperaturecarbonization(LTC)ofcoal,shale,ligniteoranycarbonaceousmaterials.Theseareheatedat680 °F(360 °C)to1380°F(360°Cto749°C)intheabsenceofairtodistilloutoilandgas.TheprocesswastheworkofoilshaletechnologistattheU.S.BureauofMinesinthe1920s.
Chinahasannouncedhighvolumecommercialcoalliquefactionproductioninlate2007[1],afterasuccessfultrial,startingaprocessthatcouldrapidlyfreeChinafromdependencyuponexternalOPECoilimports.Theprocessisreportedtohave'60-meter-highcylindricalstructures'andtobeadirectcoalliquefactionprocess.Whilelackingformalconfirmation,theprocessdescribedseemsidenticaltotheKarrickprocess.
Reviewofthelastlesson
Typesofcoal煤的种类
Lignite,Sub-bituminouscoal,BituminouscoalandAnthracite.
Cokinganduseofcoke炼焦及焦炭的应用
Cokeisasolidcarbonaceousresiduederivedfromlow-ash,low-sulfurbituminouscoalfromwhichthevolatileconstituentsaredrivenoffbybakinginanovenwithoutoxygenattemperaturesashighas1,000°Csothatthefixedcarbonandresidualasharefusedtogether.
Gasification汽化
Coalgasificationbreaksdownthecoalintoitscomponents,usuallybysubjectingittohightemperatureandpressure,usingsteamandmeasuredamountsofoxygen.
Liquefaction液化
Indirectsynthesis:
CoalwouldbegasifiedtomakesyngasandthesyngascanbecondensedusingFischer-Tropschcatalyststomakelighthydrocarbonswhicharefurtherprocessedintogasolineanddiesel.
Directliquefactionprocesses:
liquefactionbyhydrogenation,SolventRefinedCoal,Karrickprocess
TheFischer-Tropschprocessisacatalyzedchemicalreactioninwhichsynthesisgas,isconvertedintoliquidhydrocarbonsofvariousforms.
TheKarrickprocessisalow-temperaturecarbonization(LTC)ofcoal,shale,ligniteoranycarbonaceousmaterials.Theseareheatedat360°Cto749°Cintheabsenceofairtodistilloutoilandgas.
Lesson3
Introduction
Coalassaytechniquesarespecificanalyticalmethodsdesignedtomeasuretheparticularphysicalandchemicalpropertiesofcoals
煤质分析技术是指用于分析煤的物理和化学性质的特定分析方法。
Chemicalpropertiesofcoal煤的化学性能
Eachtypeofcoalhasacertainsetofphysicalparameterswhicharemostlycontrolledbymoisture,volatilecontent(intermsofaliphaticoraromatichydrocarbons),ashcontentandcarboncontent.
每一种煤都有一系列物理性能参数,主要包括水分、挥发份(包括脂肪烃和芳香烃)、灰分和含碳量。
ChemicalAnalysis化学分析
Coalisalsoassayedforoxygencontent,hydrogencontentandsulphur.Sulphurisalsoanalysedtodeterminewhetheritisasulfidemineralorinasulfateform。
煤的化学分析主要包括氧、氢、硫含量的分析。
对硫来说,还要确定是硫化物还是硫酸盐。
PhysicalandMechanicalProperties物理和机械性能
Relativedensity,Particlesizedistribution,Float-sinkTest,AbrasionTesting
相对密度、颗粒粒度分布、浮沉试验、磨耗试验/耐磨试验
SpecialCombustionTests特殊燃烧试验
SpecificEnergy,AshFusionTest,SwellingIndextest
比能、灰熔性试验,膨胀性试验
Reviewofthelastlesson
Chemicalpropertiesofcoal
Eachtypeofcoalhasacertainsetofphysicalparameterswhicharemostlycontrolledbymoisture,volatilecontent(intermsofaliphaticoraromatichydrocarbons),ashcontentandcarboncontent.
ChemicalAnalysis
Coalisalsoassayedforoxygencontent,hydrogencontentandsulphur.Sulphurisalsoanalysedtodeterminewhetheritisasulfidemineralorinasulfateform。
PhysicalandMechanicalProperties
Relativedensity,Particlesizedistribution,Float-sinkTest,AbrasionTesting
SpecialCombustionTests
SpecificEnergy,AshFusionTest,SwellingIndextest
Lesson4
1Conceptofmineralprocessing
Itisaprocessofphysicallyseparatingthegrainsofvaluablemineralsfromthegangueminerals.
矿物加工是从脉石矿物中分离有用矿物的过程。
2Functionofmineralprocessing
Inthemajorityofcasestheenergyconsumedindirectsmeltingorleachingoflowgradeoreswouldbesoenormousastomakethecostprohibitive(昂贵的、禁止的.)在大多是情况下,低品位矿石直接熔炼或浸出的能耗巨大、成本昂贵。
Mineralprocessingreducesthebulkandweightofmaterialwhichmustbetransportedtothesmelter,thelackofundesirablewastematerialsincreasesthesmelterrecovery.
矿物加工能够使送往冶炼厂的原料体积和重量大大减少,而且,因原料中的杂质含量低,有利于提高冶炼回收率。
2Mainoperations
Therearetwofundamenta
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