托福TPO40阅读.docx
- 文档编号:25212173
- 上传时间:2023-06-06
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:25
- 大小:25.15KB
托福TPO40阅读.docx
《托福TPO40阅读.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《托福TPO40阅读.docx(25页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
托福TPO40阅读
AncientAthens
OneofthemostimportantchangesinGreeceduringtheperiodfrom800B.C.to500B.C.wastheriseofthepolis,orcity-state,andeachpolisdevelopedasystemofgovernmentthatwasappropriatetoitscircumstances.TheproblemsthatwerefacedandsolvedinAthenswerethesharingofpoliticalpowerbetweentheestablishedaristocracyandtheemergingotherclasses,andtheadjustmentofaristocraticwaysoflifetothewaysoflifeofthenewpolis.ItwastheharmoniousblendingofalloftheseelementsthatwastoproducetheclassicalcultureofAthens.
Enteringthepolisage,AthenshadthetraditionalinstitutionsofotherGreekprotodemocraticstates:
anassemblyofadultmales,anaristocraticcouncil,andannuallyelectedofficials.WithinthistraditionalframeworktheAthenians,between600B.C.and450B.C.,evolvedwhatGreeksregardedasafullyfledgeddemocraticconstitution,thoughtherighttovotewasgiventofewergroupsofpeoplethanisseeninmodemtimes.
ThefirststepstowardchangeweretakenbySolonin594B.C.,whenhebrokethearistocracy'sstrangleholdonelectedofficesbyestablishingwealthratherthanbirthasthebasisofofficeholding,abolishingtheeconomicobligationsofordinaryAthenianstothearistocracy,andallowingtheassembly(ofwhichallcitizenswereequalmembers)tooverrulethedecisionsoflocalcourtsincertaincases.ThestrengthoftheAthenianaristocracywasfurtherweakenedduringtherestofthecenturybytheriseofatypeofgovernmentknownasatyranny,whichisaformofinterimrulebyapopularstrongman(notrulebyaruthlessdictatorasthemodernuseofthetermsuggeststous).ThePeisistratids,asthesuccessionoftyrantswerecalled(afterthefounderofthedynasty,Peisistratos),strengthenedAtheniancentraladministrationattheexpenseofthearistocracybyappointingjudgesthroughouttheregion,producingAthens’firstnationalcoinage,andaddingandembellishingfestivalsthattendedtofocusattentiononAthensratherthanonlocalvillagesofthesurroundingregion.Bytheendofthecentury,thetimewasripeformorechange:
thetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508BCanewreformer,Cleisthenes,gavefinalformtothedevelopmentsreducingaristocraticcontrolalreadyunderway.
Cleisthenes'principalcontributiontothecreationofdemocracyatAthenswastocompletethelongprocessofweakeningfamilyandclanstructures,especiallyamongthearistocrats,andtosetintheirplacelocality-basedcorporationscalleddemes,whichbecamethepointofentryforallcivicandmostreligiouslifeinAthens.Outofthedemeswerecreated10artificialtribesofroughlyequalpopulation.Fromthedemes,byeitherelectionorselection,came500membersofanewcouncil,6,000jurorsforthecourts,10generals,andhundredsofcommissioners.Theassemblywassovereigninallmattersbutinpracticedelegateditspowertosubordinatebodiessuchasthecouncil,whichpreparedtheagendaforthemeetingsoftheassembly,andmecourts,whichtookcareofmostjudicialmatters.Variouscommitteesactedasanexecutivebranch,implementingpoliciesoftheassemblyandsupervising,forinstance,thefoodandwatersuppliesandpublicbuildings.Thiswide-scaleparticipationbythecitizenryinthegovernmentdistinguishedthedemocraticformoftheAthenianpolisfromother,lessliberalforms.
TheeffectofCleisthenes’reformswastoestablishthesuperiorityoftheAtheniancommunityasawholeoverlocalinstitutionswithoutdestroyingthem.Nationalpoliticsratherthanlocalordemepoliticsbecamethefocalpoint.Atthesametime,entryintonationalpoliticsbeganatthedemelevelandgavelocalloyaltyanewfocus:
Athensitself.OverthenexttwocenturiestheimplicationsofCleisthenes’reformswerefullyexploited.
DuringthefifthcenturyB.C.thecouncilof500wasextremelyinfluentialinshapingpolicy.Inthenextcentury,however,itwasthematureassemblythattookondecision-makingresponsibility.Byanymeasureotherthanthatofthearistocrats,whohadbeenupstagedbythesupposedlyinferior"people,"theAtheniandemocracywasastunningsuccess.Neverbefore,orsince,havesomanypeoplebeeninvolvedintheseriousbusinessofself-governance.ItwaspreciselythisopportunitytoparticipateinpubliclifethatprovidedastimulusforthebrilliantunfoldingofclassicalGreekculture.
paragraph1
OneofthemostimportantchangesinGreeceduringtheperiodfrom800B.C.to500B.C.wastheriseofthepolis,orcity-state,andeachpolisdevelopedasystemofgovernmentthatwasappropriatetoitscircumstances.TheproblemsthatwerefacedandsolvedinAthenswerethesharingofpoliticalpowerbetweentheestablishedaristocracyandtheemergingotherclasses,andtheadjustmentofaristocraticwaysoflifetothewaysoflifeofthenewpolis.ItwastheharmoniousblendingofalloftheseelementsthatwastoproducetheclassicalcultureofAthens.
1.Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheGreekcity-states?
A.Mostcity-statesfollowedthemodelprovidedbyAthens.
B.Mostcity-stateswerebasedonaristocraticrule.
C.Differenttypesofgovernmentandorganizationwereusedbydifferentcity-states.
D.By500BC.thecity-stateswerenolongerpowerful.
paragraph2
Enteringthepolisage,AthenshadthetraditionalinstitutionsofotherGreekproto-democraticstates:
anassemblyofadultmales,anaristocraticcouncil,andannuallyelectedofficials.WithinthistraditionalframeworktheAthenians,between600B.C.and450BC.,evolvedwhatGreeksregardedasafullyfledgeddemocraticconstitution,thoughtherighttovotewasgiventofewergroupsofpeoplethanisseeninmodemtimes.
2.Accordingtoparagraph2,Athenshadallofthefollowingbeforebecomingacity-stateEXCEPT
A.acouncilmadeupofaristocrats
B.anassemblymadeupofmen
C.aconstitutionthatwasfullydemocratic
D.officialswhowereelectedyearly
paragraph3
ThefirststepstowardchangeweretakenbySolonin594BC,whenhebrokethearistocracy'sstrangleholdonelectedofficesbyestablishingwealthratherthanbirthasthebasisofofficeholding,abolishingtheeconomicobligationsofordinaryAthenianstothearistocracy,andallowingtheassembly(ofwhichallcitizenswereequalmembers)tooverrulethedecisionsoflocalcourtsincertaincases.ThestrengthoftheAthenianaristocracywasfurtherweakenedduringtherestofthecenturybytheriseofatypeofgovernmentknownasatyranny,whichisaformofinterimrulebyapopularstrongman(notrulebyaruthlessdictatorasthemodernuseofthetermsuggeststous).ThePeisistratids,asthesuccessionoftyrantswerecalled(afterthefounderofthedynasty.Peisistratos),strengthenedAtheniancentraladministrationattheexpenseofthearistocracybyappointingjudgesthroughouttheregion,producingAthens’firstnationalcoinage,andaddingandembellishingfestivalsthattendedtofocusattentiononAthensratherthanonlocalvillagesofthesurroundingregion.Bytheendofthecentury,thetimewasripeformorechangethetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508BCanewreformer,Cleisthenesgavefinalformtothedevelopmentsreducingaristocraticcontrolalreadyunderway.
3.Accordingtoparagraph3,animportanteffectofmakingwealththebasisofofficeholdingwasto
A.makefewerpeoplequalifiedtobemembersoftheassembly
B.makeitpossiblefornon-aristocratstoholdoffice
C.helpthearistocratsmaintainpower
D.IncreaseeconomicopportunitiesforallAtheniancitizens
4.Theword“abolishing”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.limiting
B.eliminating
C.revising
D.supervising
5.Inparagraph3,theauthor'sexplanationoftheword“tyranny”indicatesthat
A.mostAthenianswereopposedtorulebythePeisistratids
B.thewordhadasomewhatdifferentmeaningfortheAtheniansthanitdoesforpeopletoday
C.thetyrantsweresupportedbythearistocracy
D.thewordcanbeappliedonlytoruthlessdictators
6.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueofthePeisistratids'ruleEXCEPT:
A.Anationalsystemofcoinswascreated.
B.Judgeswereappointedacrosstheregion.
C.Newfestivalswereadded.
D.Increasedattentionwasfocusedonlocalvillages.
7.Theword“embellishing”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.makingmoreattractive
B.providingsupportfor
C.duplicating
D.controlling
8.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.Cleisthenes,areformerwhorecognizedthataristocraticcontrolhadbeendecreasingsincetheendofthepreviouscentury,finallydrovethetyrantsoutofAthensin508B.C.
B.Thetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508B.C.Cleisthenesputinplacethestructuresthatcompletedtheweakeningofthearistocracy.
C.Bydrivingoutthetyrants,Cleisthenesenabledthereformsthathadbeenunderwaysincetheendofthecenturytoreachtheirfinalformin508B.C.
D.Towardtheendofthecentury,thetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508B.C.Cleisthenessawthatitwastimetochangethestructuresthathadreducedaristocraticcontrol
paragraph4
Cleisthenes'principalcontributiontothecreationofdemocracyatAthenswastocompletethelongprocessofweakeningfamilyandclanstructures,especiallyamongthearistocrats,andtosetintheirplacelocality-basedcorporationscalleddemeswhichbecamethepointofentryforallcivicandmostreligiouslifeinAthens.Outofthedemeswerecreated10artificialtribesofroughlyeq
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 托福 TPO40 阅读