唐力力 Transitions.docx
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唐力力 Transitions.docx
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唐力力Transitions
Transitions
Inthiscrazy,mixed-up,topsy-turvyworldofours,transitionsglueourideasandouressaystogether.
Thefunctionandimportanceoftransitions
Inbothacademicwritingandprofessionalwriting,yourgoalistoconveyinformationclearlyandconcisely,ifnottoconvertthereadertoyourwayofthinking.Transitionshelpyoutoachievethesegoalsbyestablishinglogicalconnectionsbetweensentences,paragraphs,andsectionsofyourpapers.Inotherwords,transitionstellreaderswhattodowiththeinformationyoupresentthem.Whethersinglewords,quickphrasesorfullsentences,theyfunctionassignsforreadersthattellthemhowtothinkabout,organize,andreacttooldandnewideasastheyreadthroughwhatyouhavewritten.
Transitionssignalrelationshipsbetweenideassuchas:
"Anotherexamplecomingup—stayalert!
"or"Here'sanexceptiontomypreviousstatement"or"Althoughthisideaappearstobetrue,here'stherealstory."Basically,transitionsprovidethereaderwithdirectionsforhowtopiecetogetheryourideasintoalogicallycoherentargument.Transitionsarenotjust"windowdressing"thatembellishyourpaperbymakingitsoundorreadbetter.Theyarewordswithparticularmeaningsthattellthereadertothinkandreactinaparticularwaytoyourideas.Inprovidingthereaderwiththeseimportantcues,transitionshelpreadersunderstandthelogicofhowyourideasfittogether.
Signsthatyoumightneedtoworkonyourtransitions
Howcanyoutellwhetheryouneedtoworkonyourtransitions?
Herearesomepossibleclues:
∙Yourinstructorhaswrittencommentslike"choppy,""jumpy,""abrupt,""flow,""needsignposts,"or"howisthisrelated?
"onyourpapers.
∙Yourreaders(instructors,friends,orclassmates)tellyouthattheyhadtroublefollowingyourorganizationortrainofthought.
∙Youtendtowritethewayyouthink—andyourbrainoftenjumpsfromoneideatoanotherprettyquickly.
∙Youwroteyourpaperinseveraldiscrete"chunks"andthenpastedthemtogether.
∙Youareworkingonagrouppaper;thedraftyouareworkingonwascreatedbypastingpiecesofseveralpeople'swritingtogether.
Organization
Sincetheclarityandeffectivenessofyourtransitionswilldependgreatlyonhowwellyouhaveorganizedyourpaper,youmaywanttoevaluateyourpaper'sorganizationbeforeyouworkontransitions.Inthemarginsofyourdraft,summarizeinawordorshortphrasewhateachparagraphisaboutorhowitfitsintoyouranalysisasawhole.Thisexerciseshouldhelpyoutoseetheorderofandconnectionbetweenyourideasmoreclearly.
Ifafterdoingthisexerciseyoufindthatyoustillhavedifficultylinkingyourideastogetherinacoherentfashion,yourproblemmaynotbewithtransitionsbutwithorganization.
Howtransitionswork
Theorganizationofyourwrittenworkincludestwoelements:
(1)theorderinwhichyouhavechosentopresentthedifferentpartsofyourdiscussionorargument,and
(2)therelationshipsyouconstructbetweentheseparts.Transitionscannotsubstituteforgoodorganization,buttheycanmakeyourorganizationclearerandeasiertofollow.Takealookatthefollowingexample:
ElPais,aLatinAmericancountry,hasanewdemocraticgovernmentafterhavingbeenadictatorshipformanyyears.AssumethatyouwanttoarguethatElPaisisnotasdemocraticastheconventionalviewwouldhaveusbelieve.Onewaytoeffectivelyorganizeyourargumentwouldbetopresenttheconventionalviewandthentoprovidethereaderwithyourcriticalresponsetothisview.So,inParagraphAyouwouldenumerateallthereasonsthatsomeonemightconsiderElPaishighlydemocratic,whileinParagraphByouwouldrefutethesepoints.ThetransitionthatwouldestablishthelogicalconnectionbetweenthesetwokeyelementsofyourargumentwouldindicatetothereaderthattheinformationinparagraphBcontradictstheinformationinparagraphA.Asaresult,youmightorganizeyourargument,includingthetransitionthatlinksparagraphAwithparagraphB,inthefollowingmanner:
ParagraphA:
pointsthatsupporttheviewthatElPais'snewgovernmentisverydemocratic.
Transition:
Despitethepreviousarguments,therearemanyreasonstothinkthatElPais'snewgovernmentisnotasdemocraticastypicallybelieved.
ParagraphB:
pointsthatcontradicttheviewthatElPais'snewgovernmentisverydemocratic.
Inthiscase,thetransitionwords"Despitethepreviousarguments,"suggestthatthereadershouldnotbelieveparagraphAandinsteadshouldconsiderthewriter'sreasonsforviewingElPais'sdemocracyassuspect.
Astheexamplesuggests,transitionscanhelpreinforcetheunderlyinglogicofyourpaper'sorganizationbyprovidingthereaderwithessentialinformationregardingtherelationshipbetweenyourideas.Inthisway,transitionsactasthegluethatbindsthecomponentsofyourargumentordiscussionintoaunified,coherent,andpersuasivewhole.
Typesoftransitions
Nowthatyouhaveageneralideaofhowtogoaboutdevelopingeffectivetransitionsinyourwriting,letusbrieflydiscussthetypesoftransitionsyourwritingwilluse.
Thetypesoftransitionsavailabletoyouareasdiverseasthecircumstancesinwhichyouneedtousethem.Atransitioncanbeasingleword,aphrase,asentence,oranentireparagraph.Ineachcase,itfunctionsthesameway:
first,thetransitioneitherdirectlysummarizesthecontentofaprecedingsentence,paragraph,orsection,oritimpliesthatsummary.Thenithelpsthereaderanticipateorcomprehendthenewinformationthatyouwishtopresent.
1.Transitionsbetweensections—Particularlyinlongerworks,itmaybenecessarytoincludetransitionalparagraphsthatsummarizeforthereadertheinformationjustcoveredandspecifytherelevanceofthisinformationtothediscussioninthefollowingsection.
2.Transitionsbetweenparagraphs—Ifyouhavedoneagoodjobofarrangingparagraphssothatthecontentofoneleadslogicallytothenext,thetransitionwillhighlightarelationshipthatalreadyexistsbysummarizingthepreviousparagraphandsuggestingsomethingofthecontentoftheparagraphthatfollows.Atransitionbetweenparagraphscanbeawordortwo(however,forexample,similarly),aphrase,orasentence.Transitionscanbeattheendofthefirstparagraph,atthebeginningofthesecondparagraph,orinbothplaces.
3.Transitionswithinparagraphs—Aswithtransitionsbetweensectionsandparagraphs,transitionswithinparagraphsactascuesbyhelpingreaderstoanticipatewhatiscomingbeforetheyreadit.Withinparagraphs,transitionstendtobesinglewordsorshortphrases.
Transitionalexpressions
Effectivelyconstructingeachtransitionoftendependsuponyourabilitytoidentifywordsorphrasesthatwillindicateforthereaderthekindoflogicalrelationshipsyouwanttoconvey.Thetablebelowshouldmakeiteasierforyoutofindthesewordsorphrases.Wheneveryouhavetroublefindingaword,phrase,orsentencetoserveasaneffectivetransition,refertotheinformationinthetableforassistance.Lookintheleftcolumnofthetableforthekindoflogicalrelationshipyouaretryingtoexpress.Thenlookintherightcolumnofthetableforexamplesofwordsorphrasesthatexpressthislogicalrelationship.
Keepinmindthateachofthesewordsorphrasesmayhaveaslightlydifferentmeaning.Consultadictionaryorwriter'shandbookifyouareunsureoftheexactmeaningofawordorphrase.
LOGICALRELATIONSHIP
TRANSITIONALEXPRESSION
Similarity
also,inthesameway,justas...sotoo,likewise,similarly
Exception/Contrast
but,however,inspiteof,ontheonehand...ontheotherhand,nevertheless,nonetheless,notwithstanding,incontrast,onthecontrary,still,yet
Sequence/Order
first,second,third,...next,then,finally
Time
after,afterward,atlast,before,currently,during,earlier,immediately,later,meanwhile,now,recently,simultaneously,subsequently,then
Example
forexample,forinstance,namely,specifically,toillustrate
Emphasis
even,indeed,infact,ofcourse,truly
Place/Position
above,adjacent,below,beyond,here,infront,inback,nearby,there
CauseandEffect
accordingly,consequently,hence,so,therefore,thus
AdditionalSupportorEvidence
additionally,again,also,and,aswell,besides,equallyimportant,further,furthermore,inaddition,moreover,then
Conclusion/Summary
finally,inaword,inbrief,inconclusion,intheend,inthefinalanalysis,onthewhole,thus,toconclude,tosummarize,insum,insummary
WritingTransitions
Goodtransitionscanconnectparagraphsandturndisconnectedwritingintoaunifiedwhole.Insteadoftreatingparagraphsasseparateideas,transitionscanhelpreadersunderstandhowparagraphsworktogether,referenceoneanother,andbuildtoalargerpoint.Thekeytoproducinggoodtransitionsishighlightingconnectionsbetweencorrespondingparagraphs.Byreferencinginoneparagraphtherelevantmaterialfrompreviousones,writerscandevelopimportantpointsfortheirreaders.
Itisagoodideatocontinueoneparagraphwhereanotherleavesoff(instanceswherethisisespeciallychallengingmaysuggestthattheparagraphsdon'tbelongtogetheratall.)Pickingupkeyphrasesfromthepreviousparagraphandhighlightingtheminthenextcancreateanobviousprogressionforreaders.Manytimes,itonlytakesafewwordstodrawtheseconnections.Insteadofwritingtransitionsthatcouldconnectanyparagraphtoanyotherparagraph,writeatransitionthatcouldonlyconnectonespecificparagraphtoanotherspecificparagraph.
Example:
Overall,ManagementSystemsInternationalhasloggedincreasedsalesineverysector,lea
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