专题22词类转换构词法备战高考高中英语语法专项突破训练.docx
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专题22词类转换构词法备战高考高中英语语法专项突破训练.docx
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专题22词类转换构词法备战高考高中英语语法专项突破训练
专题二十二词类转换(构词法)
重难点分析
英语在表达句子时,根据句子成分的不同需用不同的词性,如作主语或宾语常用名词形式,作定语常用形容词形式,而作状语则用副词形式,这就需要词类转换了。
词类转换是英语构词法中最普遍也是最重要的一种构词现象。
此外,词类转换是历年高考语法填空和短文改错的必考点,年年必有,考生应予以特别重视!
本专题就词类转换进行详细讲解,供考生学习和参考。
真题再练
1.AndthetownisfastbecomingapopularweekenddestinationforpeopleinAsia.Abercrombie&Kent,atravelcompanyinHongKong,saysit__________(regular)arrangesquickgetawayshereforpeoplelivinginShanghaiandHongKong.
2.Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty,whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheir__________(able)to“aircondition”ahousewithoutusingelectricequipment.
3.Wallsmadeofadobetakeintheheatfromthesunonhotdaysandgiveoutthatheat__________(slow)duringcoolnights,thuswarmingthehouse.
4.As__________(nature)architects,thePuebloIndiansfiguredoutexactlyhowthicktheadobewallsneededtobetomakethecycleworkonmostdays.
5.Theriverwassopollutedthatit__________(actual)caughtfireandburned.
6.Justbe__________(patience).
7.Everyoneonthebusbegantalkingaboutwhattheboyhaddone,andthecrowdofstrangers__________(sudden)becamefriendlytooneanother.
思路点拨
当空格处所需词类与括号中所给词的词类不同时,就需要词类转换。
这类题,一般可根据以下5点顺利解决:
1.作主语或宾语用名词形式。
如:
ButJaneknewfrompastexperiencethather__________(choose)oftieshardlyeverpleasedherfather.
解析:
在that引导的宾语从句中作主语应当用名词,或者说在形容词性物主代词her后还没有名词,一定是用名词形式,故填choice。
2.在形容词性物主代词、冠词(+形容词)、不定代词(some,any,alotof等)、介词后还没有名词时,就用名词形式。
如[真题再练]第2题。
3.作定语、表语或宾语补足语用形容词形式。
如[真题再练]第4、6题,分别是作定语和表语。
又如:
Iconsiderit__________(use)forustouseEnglish-Englishdictionary.
解析:
句中it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的不定式,所给词在句中作宾补,要用形容词,表示“有益的、有用的”,故填useful。
4.作状语,修饰动词、形容词或另一副词或放在句首修饰全句,用副词。
如[真题再练]第1、3、7题,都是修饰动词,用副词。
又如:
(1)Whenwewerewonderingwhattodo,themanagercameout.Shewas__________(surprise)helpful.
解析:
句中已有作表语的形容词helpful,要用副词来修饰helpful;由语境句意可知,是指“意外地”有帮助,故填surprisingly。
(2)__________(lucky),hehadacowwhichproducedmilkeveryday.
解析:
空格位于句首,且有逗号隔开,可知是修饰全句,用副词作状语;“有一头每天都产牛奶的母牛”应当是“幸运地”,故填Luckily。
5.当所给词的词性与与空格处所需词的词性相同时,无需改变词性,就可能是只改变词义但不改变词性的前缀或后缀了,也可能用其比较级或最高级。
如:
InAlaska,thewolfalmost__________(appear)afewyearsago,becausehunterswerekillinghundredsofthemforsport.
解析:
主句缺谓语,应填动词,而appear本身就是动词,无需作词性变化,可考虑变词义;由because从句可知,主句意思应是“狼在几年前就差不多消失了”,要用disappear;再由afewyearsago可知,要用一般过去时,故填disappeared。
注意:
解题时,既要根据句子结构需要确定词类,又要考虑句意连贯或逻辑通顺。
如:
Hefailedhismathsexaminationbecauseofhis__________(care)work.
解析:
在名词前作定语,要用形容词;由failed…可知,要填表示否定意义的“careless”(粗心大意的),意义才通顺。
考点归纳
在高考全国卷中出现的考纲词的派生词是不算生词的,也不用汉语注明,因此,掌握基本的构词法知识非常重要。
从近年全国卷的语法填空来看,词类转换考查了以下几点:
(1)形容词→副词。
如[真题再练]的第1、3、5、7四个小题。
(2)形容词→名词。
如[真题再练]的第2题。
(3)名词→形容词。
如[真题再练]的第4、6题。
但从10年来的全国高考卷来看,除了上述考点外,词类转换还考了:
(1)动词→名词:
choose→choice;
(2)动词→副词:
surprise→surprisingly等等。
现将主要考点归纳如下:
1.形容词与副词的转换
规律总结
请写出下列形容词的副词形式
1
一般直接加ly
quick→_______;rude→_______;wide→_______;real→_______;careful→_______
2
辅音字母+y→ily
easy→_______;angry→_______;happy→_______;heavy→_______;busy→_______
3
-ble→bly
possible→_______;probable→_______;terrible→_______;noble→______;comfortable→_______
4
(个别)去e加ly
true→_______;whole→_______;gentle→_______;ample→_______;simple→_______
5
以-ic结尾加ally
basic→_______;classic→_______;magic→_______;optimistic→_______;scientific→_______;但public→_______
2.名词与形容词的转换
规律总结
请写出下列名词的形容词形式或形容词的名词形式
1
+al
music→_______;person→_______;nation→_______;centre→_______;practice→____
2
-ture→tural
nature→_______;culture→_______;agriculture→_______;architecture→______
3
-ics→ical
politics→_______;physics→_______;mathematics→_______;statistics→_____
4
+ern
east→_______;west→_______;south→_______;north→_______;southwest→_______
5
+ible
access→_______;horror→_______;terror→_______
6
+ful
success→______;power→______;peace→______;mercy→______;beauty→______
7
+ish
fool→_______;self→_______;child→_______
8
+ous
danger→______;anxiety→______;ambition→______;curiosity→_____;humor→____
9
-ance→ant
importance→________;significance→________;distance→________
10
-ence→ent
absence→_________;silence→_________;difference→_________;convenience→____
11
-ency→ent
fluency→________;efficiency→________;emergency→________;urgency→_____
12
+ly
friend→_______day→_______;time→_______;man→_______;mother→________
13
-ble→bility
able→_________;responsible→_________;possible→_________;flexible→_________
14
+y;去e,+y;双写,+y
health→_______;sleep→_______;difficult→_______;noise→_______;sun→_______
15
adj.+ness→n.
weak→_________;kind→_________;ill→_________;sad→_________;happy→_____
16
adj.+th→n.
strong→_______;long→_______;wide→_______;warm→_______;true→_________
17
-ate→acy
accurate→_________;private→_________;adequate→_________
18
其他各类
free→_______;wise→_______;cruel→_______;safe→_______;tire→_______;trouble→_______;history→_______;science→_______;brave→_______;short→_____
3.动词与名词的转换
规律总结
请写出下列动词的名词形式
1
+ation
expect→_________;present→_________;注意:
explain→_________
2
去e,+ation
invite→______;educate→______;examine→______;prepare→_____;pronounce→___
3
去e,+tion
produce→_________;introduce→_________;注意:
describe→_________
4
去e,+ion
devote→_________;pollute→_________;contribute→_________;revise→_________
5
+ion
act→_______;attract→_______;protect→_______;suggest→_______;注意:
intend→_______
discuss→_________;express→_________;possess→_________;impress→_________
6
去t/d/de,+sion
admit→______;permit→______;extend→______;conclude→______;divide→______
7
+ance;去e,+ance
appear→_________;perform→_________;acquaint→_________;guide→_________
8
+ence
exist→_______;prefer→_______;refer→_______;differ→_______;depend→_______
9
+ment
achieve→______;agree→_____;announce→_____;develop→_____;encourage→_____
10
去e,+al
arrive→_________;approve→_________;survive→_________;refuse→_________
11
+ure
fail→_________;press→_________;depart→_________;mix→_________
12
+y
recover→_________;discover→_________
13
其他
choose→_______;vary→_______;tend→_______;advise→_______;apologize→____;classify→_______;grow→_______
4.动词与形容词的转换
规律总结
请写出下列动词的形容词形式,或形容词的动词形式
1
+able
suit→_______;admire→_______;rely→_______;comfort→_______;reason→_______
2
+ful
doubt→_________;harm→_________;hope→_________;care→_________;use→____
3
+ive
act→_________;attract→_________;impress→_________;create→_________
4
+ary
imagine→_________
5
adj.+en→v.
deep→_______;wide→_______;less→_______;worse→_________;long→_______;weak→_______
6
en+adj.→v.
large→_________;rich→_________;able→_________;noble→_________
5.表示否定的前缀与后缀
规律总结
请写出与下列单词意义相反或相否定的词语
1
dis+
advantage→_________;agree→_________;appear→_________;cover→_________
2
il/im/in
legal→_________;polite→_________;patient→_________;convenient→_________
3
mis+
understand→_________;lead→_________;direct→_________;trust→_________
4
un+
able→_______;fair→________;fit→________;fortunate→________;usual→_____
5
+less
hope→_________;end→_________;stain→_________;taste→_________;use→_____
6.表示人的后缀
规律总结
请写出下列表示人的名词
1
+er
sing→_______;teach→_______;strange→_______;village→_______;employ→_____
2
+or
act→_______;invent→_______;educate→_______;visit→_______;conduct→_______
3
+ee
employ→_________;interview→_________;pay→_________;absent→_________
4
+ess
act→_________;wait→_________;host→_________;steward→_________;god→____
5
+ese
China→_________;Japan→_________;Burma(缅甸)→_________;Vietnam→_______
6
+n
Asia→_______;America→_______;Australia→_______;India→_______;Korea→____
7
+ian
music→_______;history→_______;library→_______;physics→_______;politics→___
8
+ist
art→_______;novel→_______;tour→_______;cycle→_______;science→_________
9
+ant
assist→_______;account→_______;consult→_______;apply→_______;serve→_____
10
+ar
lie→_________;beg→_________
考点练透
一、单句填空在下列各句空白处填入所给词的正确形式。
1.Actually,I__________(agree)withyouoverthismatter.Ihavemyownview.
2.WhatI__________(like)mostaboutthismovieisthattherearetoomanyrudegestures.
3.Iwillnotmakefriendswitha__________(honest)person.
4.IamsorryI__________(understand)whatyousaid.
5.Itiswrongto__________(use)ournaturalresources.
6.Planshavebeenputforwardtopulldownand__________(build)thearea.
7.Thevillageisfarawayfromthecounty,andtheyfindit__________(convenient)ifbusesarenotavailable.
8.YouwillbefinedifyousmokeinpublicinHongKongbecauseitis__________(legal)todoso.
9.Hegot__________(patient)asthefirsthourpassedandthenanother.
10.Shefailedto__________(lock)thesafeinspiteofallherefforts,sosheaskedhimtohelpheropenit.
11.Itwasan__________(believable)momentwhenChriswonthegoldmedal.
12.Wemust__________(large)ourviewsbyreading.
13.Over300__________(compete)frommorethan80countriescompetedintheGames.
14.Sheisaverygreatdramatic__________(act)and__________(direct).
15.Itisimportanttoknowyourown__________(strong)and__________(weak).
16.Justastheoldsayinggoes,__________(honest)isthebestpolicy.
17.Hewastouchedbythe__________(warm)oftheirwelcome.
18.TheFrenchgovernmentcalledforanendtothe__________(violent).
19.Successisnotfinaland__________(fail)isnotfatal.Itisthecouragetocontinuethatcounts.
20.Inagood__________(marry),bothhusbandandwifeworkhardtosolveanyproblemsthatarise.
21.Thewomanplayerwillmakehersecondpublic__________(appear)thisSaturday.
22.Canyoutellmewhattherealreasonforyour__________(absent)was?
23.Hemadean__________(apologize)tousforhis
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