语法复习.docx
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语法复习.docx
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语法复习
PartOneTense:
12----8+4:
8---一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时;
现在进行时,现在完成时
过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时;
4---
9.将来进行时will/shallbe+v-ing
a.IwillbewatchingTVathomethistimetomorrow.
b.WhatwillyoubedoingwhenIcometoseeyouthisevening?
*willnot=won’t;shallnot=shan’t
10.将来完成时will/shallhave+p.p
a.IwillhavelearnedEnglishforsixyearsbytheendofthisyear.
b.HewillhaveleftNanjingbythetimeyougethere.
11.现在完成进行时have/hasbeen+v-ing
a.IhavebeenlearningEnglishforsixyears.
b.HowlonghaveyoubeenlivinghereinNanjing?
12.过去完成进行时hadbeen+v-ing
a.HehadbeenquarrelingwithhiswifebeforeIarrived.
b.Theyhadbeenlisteningtopopmusicforseveralhoursbeforeyoucame.
PartTwoVoice----Passive---be+p.p(vt)
以上12种时态中有10种时态的被动形式如下:
1.一般现在时am/is/are+p.p
a.Englishisspokenbymanypeople.
b.Sheissenttothekindergarteneverydaybyhermothereveryday.
2.一般过去时was/were+p.p
a.Hewasbeatenbyhisgirlfriendyesterday.
b.Thetreewasplantedbyus.
3.一般将来时am/is/aregoingtobe+p.p或will/shallbe+p.p
a.Thetaskwillbefinishedbyussoon.
b.ThegirlisgoingtobetakentoAmericabyherparents.
4.现在进行时am/is/arebeing+p.p
a.Theappleisbeingeatenbytherabbit.
b.Sheisbeingpraisedbytheteacher.
5.现在完成时have/hasbeen+p.p
a.Theworkhasbeencompletedbythem.
b.Theoldhousehasbeenpulleddownbyhim.
6.过去进行时was/werebeing+p.p
a.HewasbeingblamedbyhismotherwhenIarrivedathishome.
b.Hetoldmethatthejobwasbeingdonebythenewstudent.
7.过去将来时was/weregoingtobe+p.p或would/shouldbe+p.p
a.Marytoldmethatthecompositionsweregoingtobecollectedbyher.
b.Whotoldyouthattheboywasgoingtobetaughtbyme?
8.过去完成时hadbeen+p.p
a.TheoldnewspapershadbeensoldbymywifebeforeIgothome.
b.Shehadbeenkilledbyanunknownyoungmanbeforeherboyfriendarrived.
9.将来完成时will/shallhavebeen+p.p
Thehousewillhavebeencleanedbyhimbyeighto’clockthisevening.
10.将来进行时will/shallbebeing+p.p
PartThree虚拟语气(SubjunctiveMood)---
使用场合:
1.用于if引导的条件句中:
1)与过去事实相反:
would/should/could/might+havedoneif…haddone
2)与现在事实相反:
would/should/could/might+vif…v-ed(但be的过去式通常用were)
1)与将来事实相反:
would/should/could/might+vif…wereto+v或should+v
*主句中的should通常用于第一人称,从句中的should各人称通用。
*在if引导的虚拟条件句中可以把if省略,并将
had,should或were提到句首。
*如果从句和主句中的时间不一致,则要分别使用相对应的动词形式。
这种虚拟条件句被称作“错综条件句”。
Forexample:
a.IfIhadn’tcaughtyouwhenyoufellfromtheladder,youwouldnotbesmilingnow.
b.Ifyouhadmarriedmeatthattimeyouwouldbehappiernow.
*butfor,without:
a.Butforyourimmediatehelp,Iwouldhavefailed.
b.Butforair,therewouldnotbelifeontheearth.
2.用于名词性从句中---(should)do:
1)用于主语从句中:
(1)Itis+(v.)p.p+thatsb(should)dosth
*v.---ask,command,desire,demand,direct,insist,move(提议),maintain(坚持认为;维修),order,persist(坚持),propose,recommend,request,require,second(附议),suggest,etc
(2)Itis+adj+thatsb(should)dosth
*adj---advisable,critical(关键的),desirable,essential(必不可少的),indispensable(必要的),necessary,vital(关键的),etc
2)用于宾语从句中:
V+thatsb(should)dosth
*v.---ask,command,desire,demand,direct(要求),insist,move,maintain,order,persist,propose,recommend,request,require,second,suggest,etc
3)用于表语从句中:
N+is+thatsb(should)dosth
*n.---advice,command,desire,demand,direction,insistence,order,persistence,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,etc
4)用于同位语从句中:
…n+thatsb(should)dosth
*n.---advice,command,desire,demand,direction,insistence,order,persistence,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,etc
3.用于wish后的宾语从句中:
1)与过去事实相反---wishthatsb+had+p.p
a.IwishthatIhadbeenthere.
b.Hewishesthathehadnevergotmarried.
2)与现在事实相反---wishthatsb+v-ed(be---were)
a.IwishthatIwereamillionaire.
b.Shewishesthatshewereathomewithherparentsnow.
3)与将来事实相反---wishthatsb+should/would/might/could+v
a.IwishthatIcouldflytothemoonsomeday.
b.HewishesthathewouldgotoAmericaforfurtherstudy.
*Ifonly…..!
“要是…就好了!
”也是用来表示愿望的一个句型,该句型后面从句中的动词形式和wish后面所接的从句中的动词形式完全一致。
Forexample:
a.Ifonlyyouhadmarriedme!
b.IfonlyhewereateacherofEnglish!
c.Ifonlyshewouldcometoseemetomorrow!
4.用于wouldrather(=wouldsooner)后面所接的宾语从句中:
1)表示和过去事实相反---
wouldratherthatsb+had+p.p
Forexample:
Hewouldratherthathehadneverbeenlazyinstudyinhighschool.
2)表示和现在或将来事实相反---
wouldratherthatsb+v-ed(be---were)
Forexample:
a.Iwouldratherthathewerenotill.
b.ShewouldratherthatherparentsallowedhertoworkinBeijingafterhergraduationfromNanjingUniversityofAeronauticsandAstronautics.
5.用于asif(=asthough)后面所接的方式状语从句或表语从句中:
该从句中的动词形式和wish后面所接的从句中的动词形式完全一致。
Forexample:
a.Shebehavesasifshehaddoneallthejobbyherself.
b.Youaretalkingasifyouweremyfather.
c.Sheseemsasifshewouldgetmarriedsoon.
6.用于lest后面所接的目的状语从句中---
lest+sb(should)dosth
Forexample:
Weexaminedtheenginecarefullybeforewesetofflestit(should)gowrongontheway.
7.用于Itistimethat…句型中---
Itistimethatsb+v-ed
Forexample:
a.Itistimethathewenthome.
b.Itistimethatwestartedlearning.
PartFour倒装---全部倒装和部分倒装:
*全部倒装---就是把整个谓语部分提到主语的前面。
a.Inthisbookcanbefoundanarticleabouttheharmofsmoking.
b.Herecomesthebus.
*以here,there,in,out,up,down等表示方位的副词开头并且主语是名词的句子要用全部倒装。
又如:
a.Theregoestheman.
b.Downcamethemonkeyfromthetree.
还有的全部倒装是修辞的需要。
比如Inthisbookcanbefoundanarticleabouttheharmofsmoking.也可以不用倒装,而写成:
Inthisbookanarticlecanbefoundabouttheharmofsmoking.
*部分倒装---就是把谓语中的助动词,情态动词和be动词提到主语的前面而谓语的其他部分仍然放在主语之后。
*部分倒装都是语法需要。
英语中要用部分倒装的情形如下:
1.以only+状语开头的句子:
a.OnlywithyoucanIbereallyhappy.
b.OnlythroughmuchpracticecanwelearnEnglishwell.
c.OnlyyesterdaydidIlearnthatmyex-girlfriendhadgotmarried.
2.以否定副词或具有否定意义的副词(短语)开头的句子:
a.NeverhaveIlearnedSpanish.
b.HardlycanIuseEnglishtocommunicatewithforeigners.
*英语中的否定副词或具有否定意义的副词(短语)常见的有never,hardly,little,seldom,scarcely,rarely,nosooner(…than…),neither,nor,notonly…(butalso…);undernocircumstances,innoway,bynomeans,atnotime,onnoaccount,onnocondition,innocase,etc
3.当so表示前一个肯定分句的谓语部分适用于另一个人(物)并且放在句首的时候:
a.IlikeEnglish,sodoeshe.
b.MarycanspeakJapanese,socanmymother.
c.IwenttoAmericalastautumn,sodidmyfriend.
4.当neither和nor表示前一个否定分句的谓语部分适用于另一个人(物)并且放在句首的时候:
a.Idon'tlikeEnglish,nordoeshe.
b.Hehasn’tbeentoShanghai,neitherhaveI.
5.以notuntil加时间状语开头的句子:
a.NotuntilyesterdaydidIlearnthathehadgotmarried.
b.Notuntilhewas40didheleavehisparentsforindependentliving.
6.以so/such+形容词/副词或带有形容词修饰语的名词短语开头的句子:
a.SoprettyisthegirlthatIoftendreamofheratnight.
b.Sofastdoeshespeakthatwecannotfollowhim.
c.SoimportantalanguageisEnglishthatwemustspendmuchtimelearningit.
d.SuchanimportantlanguageisEnglishthatwemustspendmuchtimelearningit.
thoughhelikesher
PartFiveInfiniteVerbs(非谓语动词)---todo,doing,doing/done
非谓语动词分为:
不定式,分词,动名词。
非谓语动词的总体特点:
就是不能作谓语,其他什么成分都能当。
一.不定式的用法
(一)不定式的句法功能:
1.作主语
To complete the design before National Dayisnecessary.
*现代英语中通常用it做形式主语。
上句可以改为:
It's necessary to complete the design before National Day.
不定式作主语是难点之一。
2.作宾语
I want to go at once.
*可以接不定式短语作宾语的动词有:
like want try wish begin decide ask forget promise hope love offer refuse,etc
*当做宾语的动词不定式后面带有补足语的时候,一定要用it做形式宾语并把真正的宾语(即动词不定式)放到补足语之后。
如:
He found it important to study the situation in Russia.
WebelieveitnecessarytolearnEnglish.
3.作补语(主补和宾补)
1)作宾补
a.I shall have to ask her to leave the company.
b.Please let me stay in the company.
*英语中let后面必须接不带to的动词不定式短语做宾补,同类动词还有:
make,let, have,hear, watch,notice, feel, see,etc
又如:
Isawhercry.
Hemademegothere.
2)作主补
a.Shewasaskedtoleavethecompany.
b.Shewasseentocrybyme.
c.Iwasmadetogotherebyhim.
4.作定语
a.He has a lot of questions to ask.
b.Heisalwaysthefirsttogettoschooleveryday.
c.Thepressuretocompeteinmodernsocietyisalmostunbearable.
5.作表语
The purpose of the trip was to record all the wildlife.
*有一类名词作主语时往往需要不定式作表语,这类名词有:
hope,idea, job, mistake, plan, suggestion, wish, work, aim, purpose, thing, business,etc
6.作状语
这一块的知识主要是
too…to…:
a.Heistooyoungtogotoschool.
b.Theboxistooheavyformetolift.
enough…to…:
a.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.
b.Iamstrongenoughtoliftthebox.
in order to…:
a.InordertolearnEnglishwell,Igetupearlyeveryday.
b.Hesetoffearlyinordertocatchthebus.
so as to…:
(二)动词不定式的其他形式:
tobedone:
a.Everyonelikestobepraised.
b.Heaskedtobegivensomemoney.
tohavedone
Heissaidtohavediedbypeople.
tohavebeendone
Peoplesaythathewaskilled.
Heissaidtohavebeenkilledbypeople.
tobedoing
Itseemstoberainingoutside.
tohavebeendoing
TheboypretendedtohavebeenreadingbeforeIwentin.
二.动名词---v-ing
(一)动名词的句法功能:
1.subject:
a.TeachingEnglishismyjob.
b.Fishingishishobby.
2.object:
a.IliketeachingEnglish.
b.Heenjoysfishing.
*只能用动名词作宾语的动词:
allow,avoid,appreciate,admit,consider,confess(坦白,承认),deny(否认),delay,enjoy,escape,finish,fancy(意想不到),imagine,involve,keep,mind,practice,permit,postpone(推迟),resist,(抵制)risk,suggest,stop,stand,etc
3.predicative:
a.MyjobisteachingEnglish.
b.Hishobbyisfishing.
4.attributive:
a.Heboughtanewwashingmachineyesterday.
b.Haveyougotasleepingbag?
(二)动名词的否定形式not+v-in
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