全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题与答案解析.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题与答案解析.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题与答案解析
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
(一)试题………….01
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
(一)答案解析…….…….10
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
(一)试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybeintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.
5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,hutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.
ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,9_12-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.
1.A.selected B. prepared C. obliged D. Pleased
2.A.unique B. particularC.specialD. rare
3.A.ofB. withC.inD. against
4.A.subsequentlyB.presentlyC.previouslyD. lately
5.A.OnlyB.SoC. EvenD. Hence
6.A.thoughtB. sightC.costD.risk
7.A.adviseB.suggestsC.protestsD. objects
8.A. progressB.factC.needD. question
9.A. attainingB. scoringC. reachingD.calculating
10.A. normal B. commonC.meanD.total
11.A. unconsciouslyB.disproportionatelyC.indefinitelyD. unaccountably
12.A. missionsB. fortunes C.interestsD.careers
13.A. affirmB.witnessC.observeD.approve
14.A. moreoverB.therefore C.howeverD.meanwhile
15.A.givenupB. gotoverC. carriedon D.putdown
16.A. assessingB.supervisingC.administratingD.valuing
17.A. developmentB.originC.consequenceD. instrument
18.A.linkedB. integratedC.wovenD.combined
19.A.limitedB. subjectedC.convertedD. directed
20.A.paradoxical B.incompatibleC.inevitableD. continuous
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomesphereofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychologistatNewYork'sVctcran'sAdministrationHospital.
Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.
Addingtoawoman'sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It'snotnecessarilythatwomendon'tcopeaswell.It'sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen's,”sheobserves,“It'sjustthatthey'redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”
DrYehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicofrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,patentsofotherfamilymembers,andtheyendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewearandtearthatoccursfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”
AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescapetogotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Laterhermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother:
“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.
Noteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstresses,Alvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez'sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.
21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?
A.Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.
B.Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.
C.Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.
D.Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.
22.Dr.Ychuda'sresearchsuggeststhatwomen____.
A.needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.
B.havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.
C.aremorecapableofavoidingstress.
D.areexposedtomorestress.
23.Accordingtoparagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe____.
A.domesticandtemporary.
B.irregularandviolent.
C.durableandfrequent.
D.trivialandrandom.
24.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck”(line6.para.5)showsthat____.
A.Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.
B.Alvarez'ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.
C.Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.
D.Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.
25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.StrainofStress:
NoWayOut?
B.ResponsestoStress:
GenderDifference
C.StressAnalysis:
WhatChemicalsSay
D.GenderInequality:
WomenUnderStress
Text2
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthor’snamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.
Nolonger,TheInternet---andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment--fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit---ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)wasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byjohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.
Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketifestimatedatbetween$7billionand$IIbillion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalpublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.
Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threeoneswereidentifiedbythereport'sauthor.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsitelicensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)forthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereoriginationssuchasuniversitiesofinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.
26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses____.
A.thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.
B.thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.
C.therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.
D.thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.
27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?
A.Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.
B.Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.
C.Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.
D.Itbenefitsscientificresearchc
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